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IETF RFC 7752
Last modified on Wednesday, March 16th, 2016
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Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) H. Gredler, Ed.
Request for Comments: 7752 Individual Contributor
Category: Standards Track J. Medved
ISSN: 2070-1721 S. Previdi
Cisco Systems, Inc.
A. Farrel
Juniper Networks, Inc.
S. Ray
March 2016
North-Bound Distribution of Link-State and Traffic Engineering (TE)
Information Using BGP
 Abstract
In a number of environments, a component external to a network is
called upon to perform computations based on the network topology and
current state of the connections within the network, including
Traffic Engineering (TE) information. This is information typically
distributed by IGP routing protocols within the network.
This document describes a mechanism by which link-state and TE
information can be collected from networks and shared with external
components using the BGP routing protocol. This is achieved using a
new BGP Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI) encoding
format. The mechanism is applicable to physical and virtual IGP
links. The mechanism described is subject to policy control.
Applications of this technique include Application-Layer Traffic
Optimization (ALTO) servers and Path Computation Elements (PCEs).
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 7752.
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 1 
RFC 7752 Link-State Info Distribution Using BGP March 2016
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2016 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3
1.1. Requirements Language ......................................5
2. Motivation and Applicability ....................................5
2.1. MPLS-TE with PCE ...........................................5
2.2. ALTO Server Network API ....................................6
3. Carrying Link-State Information in BGP ..........................7
3.1. TLV Format .................................................8
3.2. The Link-State NLRI ........................................8
3.2.1. Node Descriptors ...................................12
3.2.2. Link Descriptors ...................................16
3.2.3. Prefix Descriptors .................................18
3.3. The BGP-LS Attribute ......................................19
3.3.1. Node Attribute TLVs ................................20
3.3.2. Link Attribute TLVs ................................23
3.3.3. Prefix Attribute TLVs ..............................28
3.4. BGP Next-Hop Information ..................................31
3.5. Inter-AS Links ............................................32
3.6. Router-ID Anchoring Example: ISO Pseudonode ...............32
3.7. Router-ID Anchoring Example: OSPF Pseudonode ..............33
3.8. Router-ID Anchoring Example: OSPFv2 to IS-IS Migration ....34
4. Link to Path Aggregation .......................................34
4.1. Example: No Link Aggregation ..............................35
4.2. Example: ASBR to ASBR Path Aggregation ....................35
4.3. Example: Multi-AS Path Aggregation ........................36
5. IANA Considerations ............................................36
5.1. Guidance for Designated Experts ...........................37
6. Manageability Considerations ...................................38
6.1. Operational Considerations ................................38
6.1.1. Operations .........................................38
6.1.2. Installation and Initial Setup .....................38
6.1.3. Migration Path .....................................38
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 2
RFC 7752 Link-State Info Distribution Using BGP March 2016
6.1.4. Requirements on Other Protocols and
Functional Components ..............................38
6.1.5. Impact on Network Operation ........................38
6.1.6. Verifying Correct Operation ........................39
6.2. Management Considerations .................................39
6.2.1. Management Information .............................39
6.2.2. Fault Management ...................................39
6.2.3. Configuration Management ...........................40
6.2.4. Accounting Management ..............................40
6.2.5. Performance Management .............................40
6.2.6. Security Management ................................41
7. TLV/Sub-TLV Code Points Summary ................................41
8. Security Considerations ........................................42
9. References .....................................................43
9.1. Normative References ......................................43
9.2. Informative References ....................................45
Acknowledgements ..................................................47
Contributors ......................................................47
Authors' Addresses ................................................48
1. Introduction
The contents of a Link-State Database (LSDB) or of an IGP's Traffic
Engineering Database (TED) describe only the links and nodes within
an IGP area. Some applications, such as end-to-end Traffic
Engineering (TE), would benefit from visibility outside one area or
Autonomous System (AS) in order to make better decisions.
The IETF has defined the Path Computation Element (PCE) [RFC 4655] as
a mechanism for achieving the computation of end-to-end TE paths that
cross the visibility of more than one TED or that require CPU-
intensive or coordinated computations. The IETF has also defined the
ALTO server [RFC 5693] as an entity that generates an abstracted
network topology and provides it to network-aware applications.
Both a PCE and an ALTO server need to gather information about the
topologies and capabilities of the network in order to be able to
fulfill their function.
This document describes a mechanism by which link-state and TE
information can be collected from networks and shared with external
components using the BGP routing protocol [RFC 4271]. This is
achieved using a new BGP Network Layer Reachability Information
(NLRI) encoding format. The mechanism is applicable to physical and
virtual links. The mechanism described is subject to policy control.
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 3
RFC 7752 Link-State Info Distribution Using BGP March 2016
A router maintains one or more databases for storing link-state
information about nodes and links in any given area. Link attributes
stored in these databases include: local/remote IP addresses, local/
remote interface identifiers, link metric and TE metric, link
bandwidth, reservable bandwidth, per Class-of-Service (CoS) class
reservation state, preemption, and Shared Risk Link Groups (SRLGs).
The router's BGP process can retrieve topology from these LSDBs and
distribute it to a consumer, either directly or via a peer BGP
speaker (typically a dedicated Route Reflector), using the encoding
specified in this document.
The collection of link-state and TE information and its distribution
to consumers is shown in the following figure.
+-----------+
| Consumer |
+-----------+
^
|
+-----------+
| BGP | +-----------+
| Speaker | | Consumer |
+-----------+ +-----------+
^ ^ ^ ^
| | | |
+---------------+ | +-------------------+ |
| | | |
+-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+
| BGP | | BGP | | BGP |
| Speaker | | Speaker | . . . | Speaker |
+-----------+ +-----------+ +-----------+
^ ^ ^
| | |
IGP IGP IGP
Figure 1: Collection of Link-State and TE Information
A BGP speaker may apply configurable policy to the information that
it distributes. Thus, it may distribute the real physical topology
from the LSDB or the TED. Alternatively, it may create an abstracted
topology, where virtual, aggregated nodes are connected by virtual
paths. Aggregated nodes can be created, for example, out of multiple
routers in a Point of Presence (POP). Abstracted topology can also
be a mix of physical and virtual nodes and physical and virtual
links. Furthermore, the BGP speaker can apply policy to determine
when information is updated to the consumer so that there is a
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 4
RFC 7752 Link-State Info Distribution Using BGP March 2016
reduction of information flow from the network to the consumers.
Mechanisms through which topologies can be aggregated or virtualized
are outside the scope of this document
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC 2119].
2. Motivation and Applicability
This section describes use cases from which the requirements can be
derived.
2.1. MPLS-TE with PCE
As described in [RFC 4655], a PCE can be used to compute MPLS-TE paths
within a "domain" (such as an IGP area) or across multiple domains
(such as a multi-area AS or multiple ASes).
o Within a single area, the PCE offers enhanced computational power
that may not be available on individual routers, sophisticated
policy control and algorithms, and coordination of computation
across the whole area.
o If a router wants to compute a MPLS-TE path across IGP areas, then
its own TED lacks visibility of the complete topology. That means
that the router cannot determine the end-to-end path and cannot
even select the right exit router (Area Border Router (ABR)) for
an optimal path. This is an issue for large-scale networks that
need to segment their core networks into distinct areas but still
want to take advantage of MPLS-TE.
Previous solutions used per-domain path computation [RFC 5152]. The
source router could only compute the path for the first area because
the router only has full topological visibility for the first area
along the path, but not for subsequent areas. Per-domain path
computation uses a technique called "loose-hop-expansion" [RFC 3209]
and selects the exit ABR and other ABRs or AS Border Routers (ASBRs)
using the IGP-computed shortest path topology for the remainder of
the path. This may lead to sub-optimal paths, makes alternate/back-
up path computation hard, and might result in no TE path being found
when one really does exist.
The PCE presents a computation server that may have visibility into
more than one IGP area or AS, or may cooperate with other PCEs to
perform distributed path computation. The PCE obviously needs access
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 5
RFC 7752 Link-State Info Distribution Using BGP March 2016
to the TED for the area(s) it serves, but [RFC 4655] does not describe
how this is achieved. Many implementations make the PCE a passive
participant in the IGP so that it can learn the latest state of the
network, but this may be sub-optimal when the network is subject to a
high degree of churn or when the PCE is responsible for multiple
areas.
The following figure shows how a PCE can get its TED information
using the mechanism described in this document.
+----------+ +---------+
| ----- | | BGP |
| | TED |<-+-------------------------->| Speaker |
| ----- | TED synchronization | |
| | | mechanism: +---------+
| | | BGP with Link-State NLRI
| v |
| ----- |
| | PCE | |
| ----- |
+----------+
^
| Request/
| Response
v
Service +----------+ Signaling +----------+
Request | Head-End | Protocol | Adjacent |
-------->| Node |<------------>| Node |
+----------+ +----------+
Figure 2: External PCE Node Using a TED Synchronization Mechanism
The mechanism in this document allows the necessary TED information
to be collected from the IGP within the network, filtered according
to configurable policy, and distributed to the PCE as necessary.
2.2. ALTO Server Network API
An ALTO server [RFC 5693] is an entity that generates an abstracted
network topology and provides it to network-aware applications over a
web-service-based API. Example applications are peer-to-peer (P2P)
clients or trackers, or Content Distribution Networks (CDNs). The
abstracted network topology comes in the form of two maps: a Network
Map that specifies allocation of prefixes to Partition Identifiers
(PIDs), and a Cost Map that specifies the cost between PIDs listed in
the Network Map. For more details, see [RFC 7285].
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 6
RFC 7752 Link-State Info Distribution Using BGP March 2016
ALTO abstract network topologies can be auto-generated from the
physical topology of the underlying network. The generation would
typically be based on policies and rules set by the operator. Both
prefix and TE data are required: prefix data is required to generate
ALTO Network Maps, and TE (topology) data is required to generate
ALTO Cost Maps. Prefix data is carried and originated in BGP, and TE
data is originated and carried in an IGP. The mechanism defined in
this document provides a single interface through which an ALTO
server can retrieve all the necessary prefix and network topology
data from the underlying network. Note that an ALTO server can use
other mechanisms to get network data, for example, peering with
multiple IGP and BGP speakers.
The following figure shows how an ALTO server can get network
topology information from the underlying network using the mechanism
described in this document.
+--------+
| Client |<--+
+--------+ |
| ALTO +--------+ BGP with +---------+
+--------+ | Protocol | ALTO | Link-State NLRI | BGP |
| Client |<--+------------| Server |<----------------| Speaker |
+--------+ | | | | |
| +--------+ +---------+
+--------+ |
| Client |<--+
+--------+
Figure 3: ALTO Server Using Network Topology Information
3. Carrying Link-State Information in BGP
This specification contains two parts: definition of a new BGP NLRI
that describes links, nodes, and prefixes comprising IGP link-state
information and definition of a new BGP path attribute (BGP-LS
attribute) that carries link, node, and prefix properties and
attributes, such as the link and prefix metric or auxiliary Router-
IDs of nodes, etc.
It is desirable to keep the dependencies on the protocol source of
this attribute to a minimum and represent any content in an IGP-
neutral way, such that applications that want to learn about a link-
state topology do not need to know about any OSPF or IS-IS protocol
specifics.
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 7
RFC 7752 Link-State Info Distribution Using BGP March 2016
3.1. TLV Format
Information in the new Link-State NLRIs and attributes is encoded in
Type/Length/Value triplets. The TLV format is shown in Figure 4.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Value (variable) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 4: TLV Format
The Length field defines the length of the value portion in octets
(thus, a TLV with no value portion would have a length of zero). The
TLV is not padded to 4-octet alignment. Unrecognized types MUST be
preserved and propagated. In order to compare NLRIs with unknown
TLVs, all TLVs MUST be ordered in ascending order by TLV Type. If
there are more TLVs of the same type, then the TLVs MUST be ordered
in ascending order of the TLV value within the TLVs with the same
type by treating the entire Value field as an opaque hexadecimal
string and comparing leftmost octets first, regardless of the length
of the string. All TLVs that are not specified as mandatory are
considered optional.
3.2. The Link-State NLRI
The MP_REACH_NLRI and MP_UNREACH_NLRI attributes are BGP's containers
for carrying opaque information. Each Link-State NLRI describes
either a node, a link, or a prefix.
All non-VPN link, node, and prefix information SHALL be encoded using
AFI 16388 / SAFI 71. VPN link, node, and prefix information SHALL be
encoded using AFI 16388 / SAFI 72.
In order for two BGP speakers to exchange Link-State NLRI, they MUST
use BGP Capabilities Advertisement to ensure that they are both
capable of properly processing such NLRI. This is done as specified
in [RFC 4760], by using capability code 1 (multi-protocol BGP), with
AFI 16388 / SAFI 71 for BGP-LS, and AFI 16388 / SAFI 72 for
BGP-LS-VPN.
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 8
RFC 7752 Link-State Info Distribution Using BGP March 2016
The format of the Link-State NLRI is shown in the following figures.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| NLRI Type | Total NLRI Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
// Link-State NLRI (variable) //
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 5: Link-State AFI 16388 / SAFI 71 NLRI Format
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| NLRI Type | Total NLRI Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ Route Distinguisher +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
// Link-State NLRI (variable) //
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 6: Link-State VPN AFI 16388 / SAFI 72 NLRI Format
The Total NLRI Length field contains the cumulative length, in
octets, of the rest of the NLRI, not including the NLRI Type field or
itself. For VPN applications, it also includes the length of the
Route Distinguisher.
+------+---------------------------+
| Type | NLRI Type |
+------+---------------------------+
| 1 | Node NLRI |
| 2 | Link NLRI |
| 3 | IPv4 Topology Prefix NLRI |
| 4 | IPv6 Topology Prefix NLRI |
+------+---------------------------+
Table 1: NLRI Types
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 9
RFC 7752 Link-State Info Distribution Using BGP March 2016
Route Distinguishers are defined and discussed in [RFC 4364].
The Node NLRI (NLRI Type = 1) is shown in the following figure.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Protocol-ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identifier |
| (64 bits) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Local Node Descriptors (variable) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 7: The Node NLRI Format
The Link NLRI (NLRI Type = 2) is shown in the following figure.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Protocol-ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identifier |
| (64 bits) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Local Node Descriptors (variable) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Remote Node Descriptors (variable) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Link Descriptors (variable) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 8: The Link NLRI Format
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 10
RFC 7752 Link-State Info Distribution Using BGP March 2016
The IPv4 and IPv6 Prefix NLRIs (NLRI Type = 3 and Type = 4) use the
same format, as shown in the following figure.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Protocol-ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Identifier |
| (64 bits) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Local Node Descriptors (variable) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Prefix Descriptors (variable) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 9: The IPv4/IPv6 Topology Prefix NLRI Format
The Protocol-ID field can contain one of the following values:
+-------------+----------------------------------+
| Protocol-ID | NLRI information source protocol |
+-------------+----------------------------------+
| 1 | IS-IS Level 1 |
| 2 | IS-IS Level 2 |
| 3 | OSPFv2 |
| 4 | Direct |
| 5 | Static configuration |
| 6 | OSPFv3 |
+-------------+----------------------------------+
Table 2: Protocol Identifiers
The 'Direct' and 'Static configuration' protocol types SHOULD be used
when BGP-LS is sourcing local information. For all information
derived from other protocols, the corresponding Protocol-ID MUST be
used. If BGP-LS has direct access to interface information and wants
to advertise a local link, then the Protocol-ID 'Direct' SHOULD be
used. For modeling virtual links, such as described in Section 4,
the Protocol-ID 'Static configuration' SHOULD be used.
Both OSPF and IS-IS MAY run multiple routing protocol instances over
the same link. See [RFC 6822] and [RFC 6549]. These instances define
independent "routing universes". The 64-bit Identifier field is used
to identify the routing universe where the NLRI belongs. The NLRIs
representing link-state objects (nodes, links, or prefixes) from the
same routing universe MUST have the same 'Identifier' value. NLRIs
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 11
RFC 7752 Link-State Info Distribution Using BGP March 2016
with different 'Identifier' values MUST be considered to be from
different routing universes. Table 3 lists the 'Identifier' values
that are defined as well-known in this document.
+------------+----------------------------------+
| Identifier | Routing Universe |
+------------+----------------------------------+
| 0 | Default Layer 3 Routing topology |
+------------+----------------------------------+
Table 3: Well-Known Instance Identifiers
If a given protocol does not support multiple routing universes, then
it SHOULD set the Identifier field according to Table 3. However, an
implementation MAY make the 'Identifier' configurable for a given
protocol.
Each Node Descriptor and Link Descriptor consists of one or more
TLVs, as described in the following sections.
3.2.1. Node Descriptors
Each link is anchored by a pair of Router-IDs that are used by the
underlying IGP, namely, a 48-bit ISO System-ID for IS-IS and a 32-bit
Router-ID for OSPFv2 and OSPFv3. An IGP may use one or more
additional auxiliary Router-IDs, mainly for Traffic Engineering
purposes. For example, IS-IS may have one or more IPv4 and IPv6 TE
Router-IDs [RFC 5305] [RFC 6119]. These auxiliary Router-IDs MUST be
included in the link attribute described in Section 3.3.2.
It is desirable that the Router-ID assignments inside the Node
Descriptor are globally unique. However, there may be Router-ID
spaces (e.g., ISO) where no global registry exists, or worse, Router-
IDs have been allocated following the private-IP allocation described
in RFC 1918 [RFC 1918]. BGP-LS uses the Autonomous System (AS) Number
and BGP-LS Identifier (see Section 3.2.1.4) to disambiguate the
Router-IDs, as described in Section 3.2.1.1.
3.2.1.1. Globally Unique Node/Link/Prefix Identifiers
One problem that needs to be addressed is the ability to identify an
IGP node globally (by "globally", we mean within the BGP-LS database
collected by all BGP-LS speakers that talk to each other). This can
be expressed through the following two requirements:
(A) The same node MUST NOT be represented by two keys (otherwise,
one node will look like two nodes).
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 12
RFC 7752 Link-State Info Distribution Using BGP March 2016
(B) Two different nodes MUST NOT be represented by the same key
(otherwise, two nodes will look like one node).
We define an "IGP domain" to be the set of nodes (hence, by extension
links and prefixes) within which each node has a unique IGP
representation by using the combination of Area-ID, Router-ID,
Protocol-ID, Multi-Topology ID, and Instance-ID. The problem is that
BGP may receive node/link/prefix information from multiple
independent "IGP domains", and we need to distinguish between them.
Moreover, we can't assume there is always one and only one IGP domain
per AS. During IGP transitions, it may happen that two redundant
IGPs are in place.
In Section 3.2.1.4, a set of sub-TLVs is described, which allows
specification of a flexible key for any given node/link information
such that global uniqueness of the NLRI is ensured.
3.2.1.2. Local Node Descriptors
The Local Node Descriptors TLV contains Node Descriptors for the node
anchoring the local end of the link. This is a mandatory TLV in all
three types of NLRIs (node, link, and prefix). The length of this
TLV is variable. The value contains one or more Node Descriptor
Sub-TLVs defined in Section 3.2.1.4.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
// Node Descriptor Sub-TLVs (variable) //
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 10: Local Node Descriptors TLV Format
3.2.1.3. Remote Node Descriptors
The Remote Node Descriptors TLV contains Node Descriptors for the
node anchoring the remote end of the link. This is a mandatory TLV
for Link NLRIs. The length of this TLV is variable. The value
contains one or more Node Descriptor Sub-TLVs defined in
Section 3.2.1.4.
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 13
RFC 7752 Link-State Info Distribution Using BGP March 2016
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
// Node Descriptor Sub-TLVs (variable) //
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 11: Remote Node Descriptors TLV Format
3.2.1.4. Node Descriptor Sub-TLVs
The Node Descriptor Sub-TLV type code points and lengths are listed
in the following table:
+--------------------+-------------------+----------+
| Sub-TLV Code Point | Description | Length |
+--------------------+-------------------+----------+
| 512 | Autonomous System | 4 |
| 513 | BGP-LS Identifier | 4 |
| 514 | OSPF Area-ID | 4 |
| 515 | IGP Router-ID | Variable |
+--------------------+-------------------+----------+
Table 4: Node Descriptor Sub-TLVs
The sub-TLV values in Node Descriptor TLVs are defined as follows:
Autonomous System: Opaque value (32-bit AS Number)
BGP-LS Identifier: Opaque value (32-bit ID). In conjunction with
Autonomous System Number (ASN), uniquely identifies the BGP-LS
domain. The combination of ASN and BGP-LS ID MUST be globally
unique. All BGP-LS speakers within an IGP flooding-set (set of
IGP nodes within which an LSP/LSA is flooded) MUST use the same
ASN, BGP-LS ID tuple. If an IGP domain consists of multiple
flooding-sets, then all BGP-LS speakers within the IGP domain
SHOULD use the same ASN, BGP-LS ID tuple.
Area-ID: Used to identify the 32-bit area to which the NLRI belongs.
The Area Identifier allows different NLRIs of the same router to
be discriminated.
IGP Router-ID: Opaque value. This is a mandatory TLV. For an IS-IS
non-pseudonode, this contains a 6-octet ISO Node-ID (ISO system-
ID). For an IS-IS pseudonode corresponding to a LAN, this
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 14
RFC 7752 Link-State Info Distribution Using BGP March 2016
contains the 6-octet ISO Node-ID of the Designated Intermediate
System (DIS) followed by a 1-octet, nonzero PSN identifier (7
octets in total). For an OSPFv2 or OSPFv3 non-pseudonode, this
contains the 4-octet Router-ID. For an OSPFv2 pseudonode
representing a LAN, this contains the 4-octet Router-ID of the
Designated Router (DR) followed by the 4-octet IPv4 address of the
DR's interface to the LAN (8 octets in total). Similarly, for an
OSPFv3 pseudonode, this contains the 4-octet Router-ID of the DR
followed by the 4-octet interface identifier of the DR's interface
to the LAN (8 octets in total). The TLV size in combination with
the protocol identifier enables the decoder to determine the type
of the node.
There can be at most one instance of each sub-TLV type present in
any Node Descriptor. The sub-TLVs within a Node Descriptor MUST
be arranged in ascending order by sub-TLV type. This needs to be
done in order to compare NLRIs, even when an implementation
encounters an unknown sub-TLV. Using stable sorting, an
implementation can do binary comparison of NLRIs and hence allow
incremental deployment of new key sub-TLVs.
3.2.1.5. Multi-Topology ID
The Multi-Topology ID (MT-ID) TLV carries one or more IS-IS or OSPF
Multi-Topology IDs for a link, node, or prefix.
Semantics of the IS-IS MT-ID are defined in Section 7.2 of RFC 5120
[RFC 5120]. Semantics of the OSPF MT-ID are defined in Section 3.7 of
RFC 4915 [RFC 4915]. If the value in the MT-ID TLV is derived from
OSPF, then the upper 9 bits MUST be set to 0. Bits R are reserved
and SHOULD be set to 0 when originated and ignored on receipt.
The format of the MT-ID TLV is shown in the following figure.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length=2*n |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|R R R R| Multi-Topology ID 1 | .... //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// .... |R R R R| Multi-Topology ID n |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 12: Multi-Topology ID TLV Format
where Type is 263, Length is 2*n, and n is the number of MT-IDs
carried in the TLV.
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 15
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The MT-ID TLV MAY be present in a Link Descriptor, a Prefix
Descriptor, or the BGP-LS attribute of a Node NLRI. In a Link or
Prefix Descriptor, only a single MT-ID TLV containing the MT-ID of
the topology where the link or the prefix is reachable is allowed.
In case one wants to advertise multiple topologies for a given Link
Descriptor or Prefix Descriptor, multiple NLRIs need to be generated
where each NLRI contains an unique MT-ID. In the BGP-LS attribute of
a Node NLRI, one MT-ID TLV containing the array of MT-IDs of all
topologies where the node is reachable is allowed.
3.2.2. Link Descriptors
The Link Descriptor field is a set of Type/Length/Value (TLV)
triplets. The format of each TLV is shown in Section 3.1. The Link
Descriptor TLVs uniquely identify a link among multiple parallel
links between a pair of anchor routers. A link described by the Link
Descriptor TLVs actually is a "half-link", a unidirectional
representation of a logical link. In order to fully describe a
single logical link, two originating routers advertise a half-link
each, i.e., two Link NLRIs are advertised for a given point-to-point
link.
The format and semantics of the Value fields in most Link Descriptor
TLVs correspond to the format and semantics of Value fields in IS-IS
Extended IS Reachability sub-TLVs, defined in [RFC 5305], [RFC 5307],
and [RFC 6119]. Although the encodings for Link Descriptor TLVs were
originally defined for IS-IS, the TLVs can carry data sourced by
either IS-IS or OSPF.
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The following TLVs are valid as Link Descriptors in the Link NLRI:
+-----------+---------------------+--------------+------------------+
| TLV Code | Description | IS-IS TLV | Reference |
| Point | | /Sub-TLV | (RFC/Section) |
+-----------+---------------------+--------------+------------------+
| 258 | Link Local/Remote | 22/4 | [RFC 5307]/1.1 |
| | Identifiers | | |
| 259 | IPv4 interface | 22/6 | [RFC 5305]/3.2 |
| | address | | |
| 260 | IPv4 neighbor | 22/8 | [RFC 5305]/3.3 |
| | address | | |
| 261 | IPv6 interface | 22/12 | [RFC 6119]/4.2 |
| | address | | |
| 262 | IPv6 neighbor | 22/13 | [RFC 6119]/4.3 |
| | address | | |
| 263 | Multi-Topology | --- | Section 3.2.1.5 |
| | Identifier | | |
+-----------+---------------------+--------------+------------------+
Table 5: Link Descriptor TLVs
The information about a link present in the LSA/LSP originated by the
local node of the link determines the set of TLVs in the Link
Descriptor of the link.
If interface and neighbor addresses, either IPv4 or IPv6, are
present, then the IP address TLVs are included in the Link
Descriptor but not the link local/remote Identifier TLV. The link
local/remote identifiers MAY be included in the link attribute.
If interface and neighbor addresses are not present and the link
local/remote identifiers are present, then the link local/remote
Identifier TLV is included in the Link Descriptor.
The Multi-Topology Identifier TLV is included in Link Descriptor
if that information is present.
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3.2.3. Prefix Descriptors
The Prefix Descriptor field is a set of Type/Length/Value (TLV)
triplets. Prefix Descriptor TLVs uniquely identify an IPv4 or IPv6
prefix originated by a node. The following TLVs are valid as Prefix
Descriptors in the IPv4/IPv6 Prefix NLRI:
+-------------+---------------------+----------+--------------------+
| TLV Code | Description | Length | Reference |
| Point | | | (RFC/Section) |
+-------------+---------------------+----------+--------------------+
| 263 | Multi-Topology | variable | Section 3.2.1.5 |
| | Identifier | | |
| 264 | OSPF Route Type | 1 | Section 3.2.3.1 |
| 265 | IP Reachability | variable | Section 3.2.3.2 |
| | Information | | |
+-------------+---------------------+----------+--------------------+
Table 6: Prefix Descriptor TLVs
3.2.3.1. OSPF Route Type
The OSPF Route Type TLV is an optional TLV that MAY be present in
Prefix NLRIs. It is used to identify the OSPF route type of the
prefix. It is used when an OSPF prefix is advertised in the OSPF
domain with multiple route types. The Route Type TLV allows the
discrimination of these advertisements. The format of the OSPF Route
Type TLV is shown in the following figure.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Route Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 13: OSPF Route Type TLV Format
where the Type and Length fields of the TLV are defined in Table 6.
The OSPF Route Type field values are defined in the OSPF protocol and
can be one of the following:
o Intra-Area (0x1)
o Inter-Area (0x2)
o External 1 (0x3)
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 18
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o External 2 (0x4)
o NSSA 1 (0x5)
o NSSA 2 (0x6)
3.2.3.2. IP Reachability Information
The IP Reachability Information TLV is a mandatory TLV that contains
one IP address prefix (IPv4 or IPv6) originally advertised in the IGP
topology. Its purpose is to glue a particular BGP service NLRI by
virtue of its BGP next hop to a given node in the LSDB. A router
SHOULD advertise an IP Prefix NLRI for each of its BGP next hops.
The format of the IP Reachability Information TLV is shown in the
following figure:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Prefix Length | IP Prefix (variable) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 14: IP Reachability Information TLV Format
The Type and Length fields of the TLV are defined in Table 6. The
following two fields determine the reachability information of the
address family. The Prefix Length field contains the length of the
prefix in bits. The IP Prefix field contains the most significant
octets of the prefix, i.e., 1 octet for prefix length 1 up to 8, 2
octets for prefix length 9 to 16, 3 octets for prefix length 17 up to
24, 4 octets for prefix length 25 up to 32, etc.
3.3. The BGP-LS Attribute
The BGP-LS attribute is an optional, non-transitive BGP attribute
that is used to carry link, node, and prefix parameters and
attributes. It is defined as a set of Type/Length/Value (TLV)
triplets, described in the following section. This attribute SHOULD
only be included with Link-State NLRIs. This attribute MUST be
ignored for all other address families.
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3.3.1. Node Attribute TLVs
Node attribute TLVs are the TLVs that may be encoded in the BGP-LS
attribute with a Node NLRI. The following Node Attribute TLVs are
defined:
+-------------+----------------------+----------+-------------------+
| TLV Code | Description | Length | Reference |
| Point | | | (RFC/Section) |
+-------------+----------------------+----------+-------------------+
| 263 | Multi-Topology | variable | Section 3.2.1.5 |
| | Identifier | | |
| 1024 | Node Flag Bits | 1 | Section 3.3.1.1 |
| 1025 | Opaque Node | variable | Section 3.3.1.5 |
| | Attribute | | |
| 1026 | Node Name | variable | Section 3.3.1.3 |
| 1027 | IS-IS Area | variable | Section 3.3.1.2 |
| | Identifier | | |
| 1028 | IPv4 Router-ID of | 4 | [RFC 5305]/4.3 |
| | Local Node | | |
| 1029 | IPv6 Router-ID of | 16 | [RFC 6119]/4.1 |
| | Local Node | | |
+-------------+----------------------+----------+-------------------+
Table 7: Node Attribute TLVs
3.3.1.1. Node Flag Bits TLV
The Node Flag Bits TLV carries a bit mask describing node attributes.
The value is a variable-length bit array of flags, where each bit
represents a node capability.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|O|T|E|B|R|V| Rsvd|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 15: Node Flag Bits TLV Format
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 20
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The bits are defined as follows:
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| Bit | Description | Reference |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
| 'O' | Overload Bit | [ISO10589] |
| 'T' | Attached Bit | [ISO10589] |
| 'E' | External Bit | [RFC 2328] |
| 'B' | ABR Bit | [RFC 2328] |
| 'R' | Router Bit | [RFC 5340] |
| 'V' | V6 Bit | [RFC 5340] |
| Reserved (Rsvd) | Reserved for future use | |
+-----------------+-------------------------+------------+
Table 8: Node Flag Bits Definitions
3.3.1.2. IS-IS Area Identifier TLV
An IS-IS node can be part of one or more IS-IS areas. Each of these
area addresses is carried in the IS-IS Area Identifier TLV. If
multiple area addresses are present, multiple TLVs are used to encode
them. The IS-IS Area Identifier TLV may be present in the BGP-LS
attribute only when advertised in the Link-State Node NLRI.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Area Identifier (variable) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 16: IS-IS Area Identifier TLV Format
3.3.1.3. Node Name TLV
The Node Name TLV is optional. Its structure and encoding has been
borrowed from [RFC 5301]. The Value field identifies the symbolic
name of the router node. This symbolic name can be the Fully
Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) for the router, it can be a subset of
the FQDN (e.g., a hostname), or it can be any string operators want
to use for the router. The use of FQDN or a subset of it is strongly
RECOMMENDED. The maximum length of the Node Name TLV is 255 octets.
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 21
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The Value field is encoded in 7-bit ASCII. If a user interface for
configuring or displaying this field permits Unicode characters, that
user interface is responsible for applying the ToASCII and/or
ToUnicode algorithm as described in [RFC 5890] to achieve the correct
format for transmission or display.
Although [RFC 5301] describes an IS-IS-specific extension, usage of
the Node Name TLV is possible for all protocols. How a router
derives and injects node names, e.g., OSPF nodes, is outside of the
scope of this document.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Node Name (variable) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 17: Node Name Format
3.3.1.4. Local IPv4/IPv6 Router-ID TLVs
The local IPv4/IPv6 Router-ID TLVs are used to describe auxiliary
Router-IDs that the IGP might be using, e.g., for TE and migration
purposes such as correlating a Node-ID between different protocols.
If there is more than one auxiliary Router-ID of a given type, then
each one is encoded in its own TLV.
3.3.1.5. Opaque Node Attribute TLV
The Opaque Node Attribute TLV is an envelope that transparently
carries optional Node Attribute TLVs advertised by a router. An
originating router shall use this TLV for encoding information
specific to the protocol advertised in the NLRI header Protocol-ID
field or new protocol extensions to the protocol as advertised in the
NLRI header Protocol-ID field for which there is no protocol-neutral
representation in the BGP Link-State NLRI. The primary use of the
Opaque Node Attribute TLV is to bridge the document lag between,
e.g., a new IGP link-state attribute being defined and the protocol-
neutral BGP-LS extensions being published. A router, for example,
could use this extension in order to advertise the native protocol's
Node Attribute TLVs, such as the OSPF Router Informational
Capabilities TLV defined in [RFC 7770] or the IGP TE Node Capability
Descriptor TLV described in [RFC 5073].
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 22
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Opaque node attributes (variable) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 18: Opaque Node Attribute Format
3.3.2. Link Attribute TLVs
Link Attribute TLVs are TLVs that may be encoded in the BGP-LS
attribute with a Link NLRI. Each 'Link Attribute' is a Type/Length/
Value (TLV) triplet formatted as defined in Section 3.1. The format
and semantics of the Value fields in some Link Attribute TLVs
correspond to the format and semantics of the Value fields in IS-IS
Extended IS Reachability sub-TLVs, defined in [RFC 5305] and
[RFC 5307]. Other Link Attribute TLVs are defined in this document.
Although the encodings for Link Attribute TLVs were originally
defined for IS-IS, the TLVs can carry data sourced by either IS-IS or
OSPF.
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 23
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The following Link Attribute TLVs are valid in the BGP-LS attribute
with a Link NLRI:
+-----------+---------------------+--------------+------------------+
| TLV Code | Description | IS-IS TLV | Reference |
| Point | | /Sub-TLV | (RFC/Section) |
+-----------+---------------------+--------------+------------------+
| 1028 | IPv4 Router-ID of | 134/--- | [RFC 5305]/4.3 |
| | Local Node | | |
| 1029 | IPv6 Router-ID of | 140/--- | [RFC 6119]/4.1 |
| | Local Node | | |
| 1030 | IPv4 Router-ID of | 134/--- | [RFC 5305]/4.3 |
| | Remote Node | | |
| 1031 | IPv6 Router-ID of | 140/--- | [RFC 6119]/4.1 |
| | Remote Node | | |
| 1088 | Administrative | 22/3 | [RFC 5305]/3.1 |
| | group (color) | | |
| 1089 | Maximum link | 22/9 | [RFC 5305]/3.4 |
| | bandwidth | | |
| 1090 | Max. reservable | 22/10 | [RFC 5305]/3.5 |
| | link bandwidth | | |
| 1091 | Unreserved | 22/11 | [RFC 5305]/3.6 |
| | bandwidth | | |
| 1092 | TE Default Metric | 22/18 | Section 3.3.2.3 |
| 1093 | Link Protection | 22/20 | [RFC 5307]/1.2 |
| | Type | | |
| 1094 | MPLS Protocol Mask | --- | Section 3.3.2.2 |
| 1095 | IGP Metric | --- | Section 3.3.2.4 |
| 1096 | Shared Risk Link | --- | Section 3.3.2.5 |
| | Group | | |
| 1097 | Opaque Link | --- | Section 3.3.2.6 |
| | Attribute | | |
| 1098 | Link Name | --- | Section 3.3.2.7 |
+-----------+---------------------+--------------+------------------+
Table 9: Link Attribute TLVs
3.3.2.1. IPv4/IPv6 Router-ID TLVs
The local/remote IPv4/IPv6 Router-ID TLVs are used to describe
auxiliary Router-IDs that the IGP might be using, e.g., for TE
purposes. All auxiliary Router-IDs of both the local and the remote
node MUST be included in the link attribute of each Link NLRI. If
there is more than one auxiliary Router-ID of a given type, then
multiple TLVs are used to encode them.
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 24
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3.3.2.2. MPLS Protocol Mask TLV
The MPLS Protocol Mask TLV carries a bit mask describing which MPLS
signaling protocols are enabled. The length of this TLV is 1. The
value is a bit array of 8 flags, where each bit represents an MPLS
Protocol capability.
Generation of the MPLS Protocol Mask TLV is only valid for and SHOULD
only be used with originators that have local link insight, for
example, the Protocol-IDs 'Static configuration' or 'Direct' as per
Table 2. The MPLS Protocol Mask TLV MUST NOT be included in NLRIs
with the other Protocol-IDs listed in Table 2.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|L|R| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 19: MPLS Protocol Mask TLV
The following bits are defined:
+------------+------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Bit | Description | Reference |
+------------+------------------------------------------+-----------+
| 'L' | Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) | [RFC 5036] |
| 'R' | Extension to RSVP for LSP Tunnels | [RFC 3209] |
| | (RSVP-TE) | |
| 'Reserved' | Reserved for future use | |
+------------+------------------------------------------+-----------+
Table 10: MPLS Protocol Mask TLV Codes
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3.3.2.3. TE Default Metric TLV
The TE Default Metric TLV carries the Traffic Engineering metric for
this link. The length of this TLV is fixed at 4 octets. If a source
protocol uses a metric width of less than 32 bits, then the high-
order bits of this field MUST be padded with zero.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| TE Default Link Metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 20: TE Default Metric TLV Format
3.3.2.4. IGP Metric TLV
The IGP Metric TLV carries the metric for this link. The length of
this TLV is variable, depending on the metric width of the underlying
protocol. IS-IS small metrics have a length of 1 octet (the two most
significant bits are ignored). OSPF link metrics have a length of 2
octets. IS-IS wide metrics have a length of 3 octets.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// IGP Link Metric (variable length) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 21: IGP Metric TLV Format
3.3.2.5. Shared Risk Link Group TLV
The Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) TLV carries the Shared Risk Link
Group information (see Section 2.3 ("Shared Risk Link Group
Information") of [RFC 4202]). It contains a data structure consisting
of a (variable) list of SRLG values, where each element in the list
has 4 octets, as shown in Figure 22. The length of this TLV is 4 *
(number of SRLG values).
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 26
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Shared Risk Link Group Value |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// ............ //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Shared Risk Link Group Value |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 22: Shared Risk Link Group TLV Format
The SRLG TLV for OSPF-TE is defined in [RFC 4203]. In IS-IS, the SRLG
information is carried in two different TLVs: the IPv4 (SRLG) TLV
(Type 138) defined in [RFC 5307] and the IPv6 SRLG TLV (Type 139)
defined in [RFC 6119]. In Link-State NLRI, both IPv4 and IPv6 SRLG
information are carried in a single TLV.
3.3.2.6. Opaque Link Attribute TLV
The Opaque Link Attribute TLV is an envelope that transparently
carries optional Link Attribute TLVs advertised by a router. An
originating router shall use this TLV for encoding information
specific to the protocol advertised in the NLRI header Protocol-ID
field or new protocol extensions to the protocol as advertised in the
NLRI header Protocol-ID field for which there is no protocol-neutral
representation in the BGP Link-State NLRI. The primary use of the
Opaque Link Attribute TLV is to bridge the document lag between,
e.g., a new IGP link-state attribute being defined and the 'protocol-
neutral' BGP-LS extensions being published.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Opaque link attributes (variable) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 23: Opaque Link Attribute TLV Format
3.3.2.7. Link Name TLV
The Link Name TLV is optional. The Value field identifies the
symbolic name of the router link. This symbolic name can be the FQDN
for the link, it can be a subset of the FQDN, or it can be any string
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 27
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operators want to use for the link. The use of FQDN or a subset of
it is strongly RECOMMENDED. The maximum length of the Link Name TLV
is 255 octets.
The Value field is encoded in 7-bit ASCII. If a user interface for
configuring or displaying this field permits Unicode characters, that
user interface is responsible for applying the ToASCII and/or
ToUnicode algorithm as described in [RFC 5890] to achieve the correct
format for transmission or display.
How a router derives and injects link names is outside of the scope
of this document.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Link Name (variable) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 24: Link Name TLV Format
3.3.3. Prefix Attribute TLVs
Prefixes are learned from the IGP topology (IS-IS or OSPF) with a set
of IGP attributes (such as metric, route tags, etc.) that MUST be
reflected into the BGP-LS attribute with a prefix NLRI. This section
describes the different attributes related to the IPv4/IPv6 prefixes.
Prefix Attribute TLVs SHOULD be used when advertising NLRI types 3
and 4 only. The following Prefix Attribute TLVs are defined:
+---------------+----------------------+----------+-----------------+
| TLV Code | Description | Length | Reference |
| Point | | | |
+---------------+----------------------+----------+-----------------+
| 1152 | IGP Flags | 1 | Section 3.3.3.1 |
| 1153 | IGP Route Tag | 4*n | [RFC 5130] |
| 1154 | IGP Extended Route | 8*n | [RFC 5130] |
| | Tag | | |
| 1155 | Prefix Metric | 4 | [RFC 5305] |
| 1156 | OSPF Forwarding | 4 | [RFC 2328] |
| | Address | | |
| 1157 | Opaque Prefix | variable | Section 3.3.3.6 |
| | Attribute | | |
+---------------+----------------------+----------+-----------------+
Table 11: Prefix Attribute TLVs
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3.3.3.1. IGP Flags TLV
The IGP Flags TLV contains IS-IS and OSPF flags and bits originally
assigned to the prefix. The IGP Flags TLV is encoded as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|D|N|L|P| Resvd.|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 25: IGP Flag TLV Format
The Value field contains bits defined according to the table below:
+----------+---------------------------+-----------+
| Bit | Description | Reference |
+----------+---------------------------+-----------+
| 'D' | IS-IS Up/Down Bit | [RFC 5305] |
| 'N' | OSPF "no unicast" Bit | [RFC 5340] |
| 'L' | OSPF "local address" Bit | [RFC 5340] |
| 'P' | OSPF "propagate NSSA" Bit | [RFC 5340] |
| Reserved | Reserved for future use. | |
+----------+---------------------------+-----------+
Table 12: IGP Flag Bits Definitions
3.3.3.2. IGP Route Tag TLV
The IGP Route Tag TLV carries original IGP Tags (IS-IS [RFC 5130] or
OSPF) of the prefix and is encoded as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Route Tags (one or more) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 26: IGP Route Tag TLV Format
Length is a multiple of 4.
The Value field contains one or more Route Tags as learned in the IGP
topology.
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3.3.3.3. Extended IGP Route Tag TLV
The Extended IGP Route Tag TLV carries IS-IS Extended Route Tags of
the prefix [RFC 5130] and is encoded as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Extended Route Tag (one or more) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 27: Extended IGP Route Tag TLV Format
Length is a multiple of 8.
The Extended Route Tag field contains one or more Extended Route Tags
as learned in the IGP topology.
3.3.3.4. Prefix Metric TLV
The Prefix Metric TLV is an optional attribute and may only appear
once. If present, it carries the metric of the prefix as known in
the IGP topology as described in Section 4 of [RFC 5305] (and
therefore represents the reachability cost to the prefix). If not
present, it means that the prefix is advertised without any
reachability.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Metric |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 28: Prefix Metric TLV Format
Length is 4.
3.3.3.5. OSPF Forwarding Address TLV
The OSPF Forwarding Address TLV [RFC 2328] [RFC 5340] carries the OSPF
forwarding address as known in the original OSPF advertisement.
Forwarding address can be either IPv4 or IPv6.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Forwarding Address (variable) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 29: OSPF Forwarding Address TLV Format
Length is 4 for an IPv4 forwarding address, and 16 for an IPv6
forwarding address.
3.3.3.6. Opaque Prefix Attribute TLV
The Opaque Prefix Attribute TLV is an envelope that transparently
carries optional Prefix Attribute TLVs advertised by a router. An
originating router shall use this TLV for encoding information
specific to the protocol advertised in the NLRI header Protocol-ID
field or new protocol extensions to the protocol as advertised in the
NLRI header Protocol-ID field for which there is no protocol-neutral
representation in the BGP Link-State NLRI. The primary use of the
Opaque Prefix Attribute TLV is to bridge the document lag between,
e.g., a new IGP link-state attribute being defined and the protocol-
neutral BGP-LS extensions being published.
The format of the TLV is as follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
// Opaque Prefix Attributes (variable) //
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 30: Opaque Prefix Attribute TLV Format
Type is as specified in Table 11. Length is variable.
3.4. BGP Next-Hop Information
BGP link-state information for both IPv4 and IPv6 networks can be
carried over either an IPv4 BGP session or an IPv6 BGP session. If
an IPv4 BGP session is used, then the next hop in the MP_REACH_NLRI
SHOULD be an IPv4 address. Similarly, if an IPv6 BGP session is
used, then the next hop in the MP_REACH_NLRI SHOULD be an IPv6
address. Usually, the next hop will be set to the local endpoint
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address of the BGP session. The next-hop address MUST be encoded as
described in [RFC 4760]. The Length field of the next-hop address
will specify the next-hop address family. If the next-hop length is
4, then the next hop is an IPv4 address; if the next-hop length is
16, then it is a global IPv6 address; and if the next-hop length is
32, then there is one global IPv6 address followed by a link-local
IPv6 address. The link-local IPv6 address should be used as
described in [RFC 2545]. For VPN Subsequent Address Family Identifier
(SAFI), as per custom, an 8-byte Route Distinguisher set to all zero
is prepended to the next hop.
The BGP Next Hop attribute is used by each BGP-LS speaker to validate
the NLRI it receives. In case identical NLRIs are sourced by
multiple originators, the BGP Next Hop attribute is used to tiebreak
as per the standard BGP path decision process. This specification
doesn't mandate any rule regarding the rewrite of the BGP Next Hop
attribute.
3.5. Inter-AS Links
The main source of TE information is the IGP, which is not active on
inter-AS links. In some cases, the IGP may have information of
inter-AS links [RFC 5392] [RFC 5316]. In other cases, an
implementation SHOULD provide a means to inject inter-AS links into
BGP-LS. The exact mechanism used to provision the inter-AS links is
outside the scope of this document
3.6. Router-ID Anchoring Example: ISO Pseudonode
Encoding of a broadcast LAN in IS-IS provides a good example of how
Router-IDs are encoded. Consider Figure 31. This represents a
Broadcast LAN between a pair of routers. The "real" (non-pseudonode)
routers have both an IPv4 Router-ID and IS-IS Node-ID. The
pseudonode does not have an IPv4 Router-ID. Node1 is the DIS for the
LAN. Two unidirectional links (Node1, Pseudonode1) and (Pseudonode1,
Node2) are being generated.
The Link NLRI of (Node1, Pseudonode1) is encoded as follows. The IGP
Router-ID TLV of the local Node Descriptor is 6 octets long and
contains the ISO-ID of Node1, 1920.0000.2001. The IGP Router-ID TLV
of the remote Node Descriptor is 7 octets long and contains the ISO-
ID of Pseudonode1, 1920.0000.2001.02. The BGP-LS attribute of this
link contains one local IPv4 Router-ID TLV (TLV type 1028) containing
192.0.2.1, the IPv4 Router-ID of Node1.
The Link NLRI of (Pseudonode1, Node2) is encoded as follows. The IGP
Router-ID TLV of the local Node Descriptor is 7 octets long and
contains the ISO-ID of Pseudonode1, 1920.0000.2001.02. The IGP
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Router-ID TLV of the remote Node Descriptor is 6 octets long and
contains the ISO-ID of Node2, 1920.0000.2002. The BGP-LS attribute
of this link contains one remote IPv4 Router-ID TLV (TLV type 1030)
containing 192.0.2.2, the IPv4 Router-ID of Node2.
+-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+
| Node1 | | Pseudonode1 | | Node2 |
|1920.0000.2001.00|--->|1920.0000.2001.02|--->|1920.0000.2002.00|
| 192.0.2.1 | | | | 192.0.2.2 |
+-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+
Figure 31: IS-IS Pseudonodes
3.7. Router-ID Anchoring Example: OSPF Pseudonode
Encoding of a broadcast LAN in OSPF provides a good example of how
Router-IDs and local Interface IPs are encoded. Consider Figure 32.
This represents a Broadcast LAN between a pair of routers. The
"real" (non-pseudonode) routers have both an IPv4 Router-ID and an
Area Identifier. The pseudonode does have an IPv4 Router-ID, an IPv4
Interface Address (for disambiguation), and an OSPF Area. Node1 is
the DR for the LAN; hence, its local IP address 10.1.1.1 is used as
both the Router-ID and Interface IP for the pseudonode keys. Two
unidirectional links, (Node1, Pseudonode1) and (Pseudonode1, Node2),
are being generated.
The Link NLRI of (Node1, Pseudonode1) is encoded as follows:
o Local Node Descriptor
TLV #515: IGP Router-ID: 11.11.11.11
TLV #514: OSPF Area-ID: ID:0.0.0.0
o Remote Node Descriptor
TLV #515: IGP Router-ID: 11.11.11.11:10.1.1.1
TLV #514: OSPF Area-ID: ID:0.0.0.0
The Link NLRI of (Pseudonode1, Node2) is encoded as follows:
o Local Node Descriptor
TLV #515: IGP Router-ID: 11.11.11.11:10.1.1.1
TLV #514: OSPF Area-ID: ID:0.0.0.0
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o Remote Node Descriptor
TLV #515: IGP Router-ID: 33.33.33.34
TLV #514: OSPF Area-ID: ID:0.0.0.0
+-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+
| Node1 | | Pseudonode1 | | Node2 |
| 11.11.11.11 |--->| 11.11.11.11 |--->| 33.33.33.34 |
| | | 10.1.1.1 | | |
| Area 0 | | Area 0 | | Area 0 |
+-----------------+ +-----------------+ +-----------------+
Figure 32: OSPF Pseudonodes
3.8. Router-ID Anchoring Example: OSPFv2 to IS-IS Migration
Graceful migration from one IGP to another requires coordinated
operation of both protocols during the migration period. Such a
coordination requires identifying a given physical link in both IGPs.
The IPv4 Router-ID provides that "glue", which is present in the Node
Descriptors of the OSPF Link NLRI and in the link attribute of the
IS-IS Link NLRI.
Consider a point-to-point link between two routers, A and B, that
initially were OSPFv2-only routers and then IS-IS is enabled on them.
Node A has IPv4 Router-ID and ISO-ID; node B has IPv4 Router-ID, IPv6
Router-ID, and ISO-ID. Each protocol generates one Link NLRI for the
link (A, B), both of which are carried by BGP-LS. The OSPFv2 Link
NLRI for the link is encoded with the IPv4 Router-ID of nodes A and B
in the local and remote Node Descriptors, respectively. The IS-IS
Link NLRI for the link is encoded with the ISO-ID of nodes A and B in
the local and remote Node Descriptors, respectively. In addition,
the BGP-LS attribute of the IS-IS Link NLRI contains the TLV type
1028 containing the IPv4 Router-ID of node A, TLV type 1030
containing the IPv4 Router-ID of node B, and TLV type 1031 containing
the IPv6 Router-ID of node B. In this case, by using IPv4 Router-ID,
the link (A, B) can be identified in both the IS-IS and OSPF
protocol.
4. Link to Path Aggregation
Distribution of all links available in the global Internet is
certainly possible; however, it not desirable from a scaling and
privacy point of view. Therefore, an implementation may support a
link to path aggregation. Rather than advertising all specific links
of a domain, an ASBR may advertise an "aggregate link" between a non-
adjacent pair of nodes. The "aggregate link" represents the
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aggregated set of link properties between a pair of non-adjacent
nodes. The actual methods to compute the path properties (of
bandwidth, metric, etc.) are outside the scope of this document. The
decision whether to advertise all specific links or aggregated links
is an operator's policy choice. To highlight the varying levels of
exposure, the following deployment examples are discussed.
4.1. Example: No Link Aggregation
Consider Figure 33. Both AS1 and AS2 operators want to protect their
inter-AS {R1, R3}, {R2, R4} links using RSVP-FRR LSPs. If R1 wants
to compute its link-protection LSP to R3, it needs to "see" an
alternate path to R3. Therefore, the AS2 operator exposes its
topology. All BGP-TE-enabled routers in AS1 "see" the full topology
of AS2 and therefore can compute a backup path. Note that the
computing router decides if the direct link between {R3, R4} or the
{R4, R5, R3} path is used.
AS1 : AS2
:
R1-------R3
| : | \
| : | R5
| : | /
R2-------R4
:
:
Figure 33: No Link Aggregation
4.2. Example: ASBR to ASBR Path Aggregation
The brief difference between the "no-link aggregation" example and
this example is that no specific link gets exposed. Consider
Figure 34. The only link that gets advertised by AS2 is an
"aggregate" link between R3 and R4. This is enough to tell AS1 that
there is a backup path. However, the actual links being used are
hidden from the topology.
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AS1 : AS2
:
R1-------R3
| : |
| : |
| : |
R2-------R4
:
:
Figure 34: ASBR Link Aggregation
4.3. Example: Multi-AS Path Aggregation
Service providers in control of multiple ASes may even decide to not
expose their internal inter-AS links. Consider Figure 35. AS3 is
modeled as a single node that connects to the border routers of the
aggregated domain.
AS1 : AS2 : AS3
: :
R1-------R3-----
| : : \
| : : vR0
| : : /
R2-------R4-----
: :
: :
Figure 35: Multi-AS Aggregation
5. IANA Considerations
IANA has assigned address family number 16388 (BGP-LS) in the
"Address Family Numbers" registry with this document as a reference.
IANA has assigned SAFI values 71 (BGP-LS) and 72 (BGP-LS-VPN) in the
"SAFI Values" sub-registry under the "Subsequent Address Family
Identifiers (SAFI) Parameters" registry.
IANA has assigned value 29 (BGP-LS Attribute) in the "BGP Path
Attributes" sub-registry under the "Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Parameters" registry.
IANA has created a new "Border Gateway Protocol - Link State (BGP-LS)
Parameters" registry at <http://www.iana.org/assignments/bgp-ls-
parameters>. All of the following registries are BGP-LS specific and
are accessible under this registry:
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o "BGP-LS NLRI-Types" registry
Value 0 is reserved. The maximum value is 65535. The registry
has been populated with the values shown in Table 1. Allocations
within the registry require documentation of the proposed use of
the allocated value (Specification Required) and approval by the
Designated Expert assigned by the IESG (see [RFC 5226]).
o "BGP-LS Protocol-IDs" registry
Value 0 is reserved. The maximum value is 255. The registry has
been populated with the values shown in Table 2. Allocations
within the registry require documentation of the proposed use of
the allocated value (Specification Required) and approval by the
Designated Expert assigned by the IESG (see [RFC 5226]).
o "BGP-LS Well-Known Instance-IDs" registry
The registry has been populated with the values shown in Table 3.
New allocations from the range 1-31 use the IANA allocation policy
"Specification Required" and require approval by the Designated
Expert assigned by the IESG (see [RFC 5226]). Values in the range
32 to 2^64-1 are for "Private Use" and are not recorded by IANA.
o "BGP-LS Node Descriptor, Link Descriptor, Prefix Descriptor, and
Attribute TLVs" registry
Values 0-255 are reserved. Values 256-65535 will be used for code
points. The registry has been populated with the values shown in
Table 13. Allocations within the registry require documentation
of the proposed use of the allocated value (Specification
Required) and approval by the Designated Expert assigned by the
IESG (see [RFC 5226]).
5.1. Guidance for Designated Experts
In all cases of review by the Designated Expert (DE) described here,
the DE is expected to ascertain the existence of suitable
documentation (a specification) as described in [RFC 5226] and to
verify that the document is permanently and publicly available. The
DE is also expected to check the clarity of purpose and use of the
requested code points. Last, the DE must verify that any
specification produced in the IETF that requests one of these code
points has been made available for review by the IDR working group
and that any specification produced outside the IETF does not
conflict with work that is active or already published within the
IETF.
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6. Manageability Considerations
This section is structured as recommended in [RFC 5706].
6.1. Operational Considerations
6.1.1. Operations
Existing BGP operational procedures apply. No new operation
procedures are defined in this document. It is noted that the NLRI
information present in this document carries purely application-level
data that has no immediate corresponding forwarding state impact. As
such, any churn in reachability information has a different impact
than regular BGP updates, which need to change the forwarding state
for an entire router. Furthermore, it is anticipated that
distribution of this NLRI will be handled by dedicated route
reflectors providing a level of isolation and fault containment
between different NLRI types.
6.1.2. Installation and Initial Setup
Configuration parameters defined in Section 6.2.3 SHOULD be
initialized to the following default values:
o The Link-State NLRI capability is turned off for all neighbors.
o The maximum rate at which Link-State NLRIs will be advertised/
withdrawn from neighbors is set to 200 updates per second.
6.1.3. Migration Path
The proposed extension is only activated between BGP peers after
capability negotiation. Moreover, the extensions can be turned on/
off on an individual peer basis (see Section 6.2.3), so the extension
can be gradually rolled out in the network.
6.1.4. Requirements on Other Protocols and Functional Components
The protocol extension defined in this document does not put new
requirements on other protocols or functional components.
6.1.5. Impact on Network Operation
Frequency of Link-State NLRI updates could interfere with regular BGP
prefix distribution. A network operator MAY use a dedicated Route-
Reflector infrastructure to distribute Link-State NLRIs.
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Distribution of Link-State NLRIs SHOULD be limited to a single admin
domain, which can consist of multiple areas within an AS or multiple
ASes.
6.1.6. Verifying Correct Operation
Existing BGP procedures apply. In addition, an implementation SHOULD
allow an operator to:
o List neighbors with whom the speaker is exchanging Link-State
NLRIs.
6.2. Management Considerations
6.2.1. Management Information
The IDR working group has documented and continues to document parts
of the Management Information Base and YANG models for managing and
monitoring BGP speakers and the sessions between them. It is
currently believed that the BGP session running BGP-LS is not
substantially different from any other BGP session and can be managed
using the same data models.
6.2.2. Fault Management
If an implementation of BGP-LS detects a malformed attribute, then it
MUST use the 'Attribute Discard' action as per [RFC 7606], Section 2.
An implementation of BGP-LS MUST perform the following syntactic
checks for determining if a message is malformed.
o Does the sum of all TLVs found in the BGP-LS attribute correspond
to the BGP-LS path attribute length?
o Does the sum of all TLVs found in the BGP MP_REACH_NLRI attribute
correspond to the BGP MP_REACH_NLRI length?
o Does the sum of all TLVs found in the BGP MP_UNREACH_NLRI
attribute correspond to the BGP MP_UNREACH_NLRI length?
o Does the sum of all TLVs found in a Node, Link or Prefix
Descriptor NLRI attribute correspond to the Total NLRI Length
field of the Node, Link, or Prefix Descriptors?
o Does any fixed-length TLV correspond to the TLV Length field in
this document?
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6.2.3. Configuration Management
An implementation SHOULD allow the operator to specify neighbors to
which Link-State NLRIs will be advertised and from which Link-State
NLRIs will be accepted.
An implementation SHOULD allow the operator to specify the maximum
rate at which Link-State NLRIs will be advertised/withdrawn from
neighbors.
An implementation SHOULD allow the operator to specify the maximum
number of Link-State NLRIs stored in a router's Routing Information
Base (RIB).
An implementation SHOULD allow the operator to create abstracted
topologies that are advertised to neighbors and create different
abstractions for different neighbors.
An implementation SHOULD allow the operator to configure a 64-bit
Instance-ID.
An implementation SHOULD allow the operator to configure a pair of
ASN and BGP-LS identifiers (Section 3.2.1.4) per flooding set in
which the node participates.
6.2.4. Accounting Management
Not Applicable.
6.2.5. Performance Management
An implementation SHOULD provide the following statistics:
o Total number of Link-State NLRI updates sent/received
o Number of Link-State NLRI updates sent/received, per neighbor
o Number of errored received Link-State NLRI updates, per neighbor
o Total number of locally originated Link-State NLRIs
These statistics should be recorded as absolute counts since system
or session start time. An implementation MAY also enhance this
information by recording peak per-second counts in each case.
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6.2.6. Security Management
An operator SHOULD define an import policy to limit inbound updates
as follows:
o Drop all updates from consumer peers.
An implementation MUST have the means to limit inbound updates.
7. TLV/Sub-TLV Code Points Summary
This section contains the global table of all TLVs/sub-TLVs defined
in this document.
+-----------+---------------------+--------------+------------------+
| TLV Code | Description | IS-IS TLV/ | Reference |
| Point | | Sub-TLV | (RFC/Section) |
+-----------+---------------------+--------------+------------------+
| 256 | Local Node | --- | Section 3.2.1.2 |
| | Descriptors | | |
| 257 | Remote Node | --- | Section 3.2.1.3 |
| | Descriptors | | |
| 258 | Link Local/Remote | 22/4 | [RFC 5307]/1.1 |
| | Identifiers | | |
| 259 | IPv4 interface | 22/6 | [RFC 5305]/3.2 |
| | address | | |
| 260 | IPv4 neighbor | 22/8 | [RFC 5305]/3.3 |
| | address | | |
| 261 | IPv6 interface | 22/12 | [RFC 6119]/4.2 |
| | address | | |
| 262 | IPv6 neighbor | 22/13 | [RFC 6119]/4.3 |
| | address | | |
| 263 | Multi-Topology ID | --- | Section 3.2.1.5 |
| 264 | OSPF Route Type | --- | Section 3.2.3 |
| 265 | IP Reachability | --- | Section 3.2.3 |
| | Information | | |
| 512 | Autonomous System | --- | Section 3.2.1.4 |
| 513 | BGP-LS Identifier | --- | Section 3.2.1.4 |
| 514 | OSPF Area-ID | --- | Section 3.2.1.4 |
| 515 | IGP Router-ID | --- | Section 3.2.1.4 |
| 1024 | Node Flag Bits | --- | Section 3.3.1.1 |
| 1025 | Opaque Node | --- | Section 3.3.1.5 |
| | Attribute | | |
| 1026 | Node Name | variable | Section 3.3.1.3 |
| 1027 | IS-IS Area | variable | Section 3.3.1.2 |
| | Identifier | | |
| 1028 | IPv4 Router-ID of | 134/--- | [RFC 5305]/4.3 |
| | Local Node | | |
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 41
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| 1029 | IPv6 Router-ID of | 140/--- | [RFC 6119]/4.1 |
| | Local Node | | |
| 1030 | IPv4 Router-ID of | 134/--- | [RFC 5305]/4.3 |
| | Remote Node | | |
| 1031 | IPv6 Router-ID of | 140/--- | [RFC 6119]/4.1 |
| | Remote Node | | |
| 1088 | Administrative | 22/3 | [RFC 5305]/3.1 |
| | group (color) | | |
| 1089 | Maximum link | 22/9 | [RFC 5305]/3.4 |
| | bandwidth | | |
| 1090 | Max. reservable | 22/10 | [RFC 5305]/3.5 |
| | link bandwidth | | |
| 1091 | Unreserved | 22/11 | [RFC 5305]/3.6 |
| | bandwidth | | |
| 1092 | TE Default Metric | 22/18 | Section 3.3.2.3 |
| 1093 | Link Protection | 22/20 | [RFC 5307]/1.2 |
| | Type | | |
| 1094 | MPLS Protocol Mask | --- | Section 3.3.2.2 |
| 1095 | IGP Metric | --- | Section 3.3.2.4 |
| 1096 | Shared Risk Link | --- | Section 3.3.2.5 |
| | Group | | |
| 1097 | Opaque Link | --- | Section 3.3.2.6 |
| | Attribute | | |
| 1098 | Link Name | --- | Section 3.3.2.7 |
| 1152 | IGP Flags | --- | Section 3.3.3.1 |
| 1153 | IGP Route Tag | --- | [RFC 5130] |
| 1154 | IGP Extended Route | --- | [RFC 5130] |
| | Tag | | |
| 1155 | Prefix Metric | --- | [RFC 5305] |
| 1156 | OSPF Forwarding | --- | [RFC 2328] |
| | Address | | |
| 1157 | Opaque Prefix | --- | Section 3.3.3.6 |
| | Attribute | | |
+-----------+---------------------+--------------+------------------+
Table 13: Summary Table of TLV/Sub-TLV Code Points
8. Security Considerations
Procedures and protocol extensions defined in this document do not
affect the BGP security model. See the Security Considerations
section of [RFC 4271] for a discussion of BGP security. Also refer to
[RFC 4272] and [RFC 6952] for analysis of security issues for BGP.
In the context of the BGP peerings associated with this document, a
BGP speaker MUST NOT accept updates from a consumer peer. That is, a
participating BGP speaker should be aware of the nature of its
relationships for link-state relationships and should protect itself
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from peers sending updates that either represent erroneous
information feedback loops or are false input. Such protection can
be achieved by manual configuration of consumer peers at the BGP
speaker.
An operator SHOULD employ a mechanism to protect a BGP speaker
against DDoS attacks from consumers. The principal attack a consumer
may apply is to attempt to start multiple sessions either
sequentially or simultaneously. Protection can be applied by
imposing rate limits.
Additionally, it may be considered that the export of link-state and
TE information as described in this document constitutes a risk to
confidentiality of mission-critical or commercially sensitive
information about the network. BGP peerings are not automatic and
require configuration; thus, it is the responsibility of the network
operator to ensure that only trusted consumers are configured to
receive such information.
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[ISO10589] International Organization for Standardization,
"Intermediate System to Intermediate System intra-domain
routeing information exchange protocol for use in
conjunction with the protocol for providing the
connectionless-mode network service (ISO 8473)", ISO/
IEC 10589, November 2002.
[RFC 2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC 2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 2119>.
[RFC 2328] Moy, J., "OSPF Version 2", STD 54, RFC 2328,
DOI 10.17487/RFC 2328, April 1998,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 2328>.
[RFC 2545] Marques, P. and F. Dupont, "Use of BGP-4 Multiprotocol
Extensions for IPv6 Inter-Domain Routing", RFC 2545,
DOI 10.17487/RFC 2545, March 1999,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 2545>.
[RFC 3209] Awduche, D., Berger, L., Gan, D., Li, T., Srinivasan, V.,
and G. Swallow, "RSVP-TE: Extensions to RSVP for LSP
Tunnels", RFC 3209, DOI 10.17487/RFC 3209, December 2001,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 3209>.
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 43
RFC 7752 Link-State Info Distribution Using BGP March 2016
[RFC 4202] Kompella, K., Ed. and Y. Rekhter, Ed., "Routing Extensions
in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(GMPLS)", RFC 4202, DOI 10.17487/RFC 4202, October 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 4202>.
[RFC 4203] Kompella, K., Ed. and Y. Rekhter, Ed., "OSPF Extensions in
Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(GMPLS)", RFC 4203, DOI 10.17487/RFC 4203, October 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 4203>.
[RFC 4271] Rekhter, Y., Ed., Li, T., Ed., and S. Hares, Ed., "A
Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271,
DOI 10.17487/RFC 4271, January 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 4271>.
[RFC 4760] Bates, T., Chandra, R., Katz, D., and Y. Rekhter,
"Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4", RFC 4760,
DOI 10.17487/RFC 4760, January 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 4760>.
[RFC 4915] Psenak, P., Mirtorabi, S., Roy, A., Nguyen, L., and P.
Pillay-Esnault, "Multi-Topology (MT) Routing in OSPF",
RFC 4915, DOI 10.17487/RFC 4915, June 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 4915>.
[RFC 5036] Andersson, L., Ed., Minei, I., Ed., and B. Thomas, Ed.,
"LDP Specification", RFC 5036, DOI 10.17487/RFC 5036,
October 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5036>.
[RFC 5120] Przygienda, T., Shen, N., and N. Sheth, "M-ISIS: Multi
Topology (MT) Routing in Intermediate System to
Intermediate Systems (IS-ISs)", RFC 5120,
DOI 10.17487/RFC 5120, February 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5120>.
[RFC 5130] Previdi, S., Shand, M., Ed., and C. Martin, "A Policy
Control Mechanism in IS-IS Using Administrative Tags",
RFC 5130, DOI 10.17487/RFC 5130, February 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5130>.
[RFC 5226] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 5226,
DOI 10.17487/RFC 5226, May 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5226>.
[RFC 5301] McPherson, D. and N. Shen, "Dynamic Hostname Exchange
Mechanism for IS-IS", RFC 5301, DOI 10.17487/RFC 5301,
October 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5301>.
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[RFC 5305] Li, T. and H. Smit, "IS-IS Extensions for Traffic
Engineering", RFC 5305, DOI 10.17487/RFC 5305, October
2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5305>.
[RFC 5307] Kompella, K., Ed. and Y. Rekhter, Ed., "IS-IS Extensions
in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching
(GMPLS)", RFC 5307, DOI 10.17487/RFC 5307, October 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5307>.
[RFC 5340] Coltun, R., Ferguson, D., Moy, J., and A. Lindem, "OSPF
for IPv6", RFC 5340, DOI 10.17487/RFC 5340, July 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5340>.
[RFC 5890] Klensin, J., "Internationalized Domain Names for
Applications (IDNA): Definitions and Document Framework",
RFC 5890, DOI 10.17487/RFC 5890, August 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5890>.
[RFC 6119] Harrison, J., Berger, J., and M. Bartlett, "IPv6 Traffic
Engineering in IS-IS", RFC 6119, DOI 10.17487/RFC 6119,
February 2011, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 6119>.
[RFC 6549] Lindem, A., Roy, A., and S. Mirtorabi, "OSPFv2 Multi-
Instance Extensions", RFC 6549, DOI 10.17487/RFC 6549,
March 2012, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 6549>.
[RFC 6822] Previdi, S., Ed., Ginsberg, L., Shand, M., Roy, A., and D.
Ward, "IS-IS Multi-Instance", RFC 6822,
DOI 10.17487/RFC 6822, December 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 6822>.
[RFC 7606] Chen, E., Ed., Scudder, J., Ed., Mohapatra, P., and K.
Patel, "Revised Error Handling for BGP UPDATE Messages",
RFC 7606, DOI 10.17487/RFC 7606, August 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 7606>.
9.2. Informative References
[RFC 1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G.,
and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
BCP 5, RFC 1918, DOI 10.17487/RFC 1918, February 1996,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 1918>.
[RFC 4272] Murphy, S., "BGP Security Vulnerabilities Analysis",
RFC 4272, DOI 10.17487/RFC 4272, January 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 4272>.
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[RFC 4364] Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4364, DOI 10.17487/RFC 4364, February
2006, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 4364>.
[RFC 4655] Farrel, A., Vasseur, JP., and J. Ash, "A Path Computation
Element (PCE)-Based Architecture", RFC 4655,
DOI 10.17487/RFC 4655, August 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 4655>.
[RFC 5073] Vasseur, JP., Ed. and JL. Le Roux, Ed., "IGP Routing
Protocol Extensions for Discovery of Traffic Engineering
Node Capabilities", RFC 5073, DOI 10.17487/RFC 5073,
December 2007, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5073>.
[RFC 5152] Vasseur, JP., Ed., Ayyangar, A., Ed., and R. Zhang, "A
Per-Domain Path Computation Method for Establishing Inter-
Domain Traffic Engineering (TE) Label Switched Paths
(LSPs)", RFC 5152, DOI 10.17487/RFC 5152, February 2008,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5152>.
[RFC 5316] Chen, M., Zhang, R., and X. Duan, "ISIS Extensions in
Support of Inter-Autonomous System (AS) MPLS and GMPLS
Traffic Engineering", RFC 5316, DOI 10.17487/RFC 5316,
December 2008, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5316>.
[RFC 5392] Chen, M., Zhang, R., and X. Duan, "OSPF Extensions in
Support of Inter-Autonomous System (AS) MPLS and GMPLS
Traffic Engineering", RFC 5392, DOI 10.17487/RFC 5392,
January 2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5392>.
[RFC 5693] Seedorf, J. and E. Burger, "Application-Layer Traffic
Optimization (ALTO) Problem Statement", RFC 5693,
DOI 10.17487/RFC 5693, October 2009,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5693>.
[RFC 5706] Harrington, D., "Guidelines for Considering Operations and
Management of New Protocols and Protocol Extensions",
RFC 5706, DOI 10.17487/RFC 5706, November 2009,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 5706>.
[RFC 6952] Jethanandani, M., Patel, K., and L. Zheng, "Analysis of
BGP, LDP, PCEP, and MSDP Issues According to the Keying
and Authentication for Routing Protocols (KARP) Design
Guide", RFC 6952, DOI 10.17487/RFC 6952, May 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 6952>.
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[RFC 7285] Alimi, R., Ed., Penno, R., Ed., Yang, Y., Ed., Kiesel, S.,
Previdi, S., Roome, W., Shalunov, S., and R. Woundy,
"Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) Protocol",
RFC 7285, DOI 10.17487/RFC 7285, September 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 7285>.
[RFC 7770] Lindem, A., Ed., Shen, N., Vasseur, JP., Aggarwal, R., and
S. Shaffer, "Extensions to OSPF for Advertising Optional
Router Capabilities", RFC 7770, DOI 10.17487/RFC 7770,
February 2016, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/RFC 7770>.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Nischal Sheth, Alia Atlas, David Ward, Derek
Yeung, Murtuza Lightwala, John Scudder, Kaliraj Vairavakkalai, Les
Ginsberg, Liem Nguyen, Manish Bhardwaj, Matt Miller, Mike Shand,
Peter Psenak, Rex Fernando, Richard Woundy, Steven Luong, Tamas
Mondal, Waqas Alam, Vipin Kumar, Naiming Shen, Carlos Pignataro,
Balaji Rajagopalan, Yakov Rekhter, Alvaro Retana, Barry Leiba, and
Ben Campbell for their comments.
Contributors
We would like to thank Robert Varga for the significant contribution
he gave to this document.
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Authors' Addresses
Hannes Gredler (editor)
Individual Contributor
Email: hannes@gredler.at
Jan Medved
Cisco Systems, Inc.
170 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
United States
Email: jmedved@cisco.com
Stefano Previdi
Cisco Systems, Inc.
Via Del Serafico, 200
Rome 00142
Italy
Email: sprevidi@cisco.com
Adrian Farrel
Juniper Networks, Inc.
Email: adrian@olddog.co.uk
Saikat Ray
Email: raysaikat@gmail.com
Gredler, et al. Standards Track PAGE 48
RFC TOTAL SIZE: 113130 bytes
PUBLICATION DATE: Wednesday, March 16th, 2016
LEGAL RIGHTS: The IETF Trust (see BCP 78)
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