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IETF RFC 5566
BGP IPsec Tunnel Encapsulation Attribute
Last modified on Wednesday, June 10th, 2009
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Network Working Group L. Berger
Request for Comments: 5566 LabN
Category: Standards Track R. White
E. Rosen
Cisco Systems
June 2009
BGP IPsec Tunnel Encapsulation Attribute
 Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2009 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents in effect on the date of
publication of this document (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info).
Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights
and restrictions with respect to this document.
Abstract
The BGP Encapsulation Subsequent Address Family Identifier (SAFI)
provides a method for the dynamic exchange of encapsulation
information and for the indication of encapsulation protocol types to
be used for different next hops. Currently, support for Generic
Routing Encapsulation (GRE), Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TPv3), and
IP in IP tunnel types are defined. This document defines support for
IPsec tunnel types.
Berger, et al. Standards Track PAGE 1 
RFC 5566 BGP IPsec Tunnel Encapsulation June 2009
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................2
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document ..........................2
2. Tunnel Encapsulation Types ......................................3
3. Use of IPsec Tunnel Types .......................................3
4. IPsec Tunnel Authenticator sub-TLV ..............................4
4.1. Use of the IPsec Tunnel Authenticator sub-TLV ..............5
5. Security Considerations .........................................5
6. IANA Considerations .............................................6
7. References ......................................................7
7.1. Normative References .......................................7
7.2. Informative References .....................................7
8. Acknowledgments .................................................8
1. Introduction
The BGP [RFC 4271] Encapsulation Subsequent Address Family Identifier
(SAFI) allows for the communication of tunnel information and for the
association of this information to a BGP next hop. The Encapsulation
SAFI can be used to support the mapping of prefixes to next hops and
tunnels of the same address family, IPv6 prefixes to IPv4 next hops
and tunnels using [RFC 4798], and IPv4 prefixes to IPv6 next hops and
tunnels using [RFC 5549]. The Encapsulation SAFI can also be used to
support the mapping of VPN prefixes to tunnels when VPN prefixes are
advertised per [RFC 4364] or [RFC 4659]. [RFC 5565] provides useful
context for the use of the Encapsulation SAFI.
The Encapsulation SAFI is defined in [RFC 5512]. [RFC 5512] also
defines support for the GRE [RFC 2784], L2TPv3 [RFC 3931], and IP in IP
[RFC 2003] tunnel types. This document builds on [RFC 5512] and
defines support for IPsec tunnels. Support is defined for IP
Authentication Header (AH) in tunnel mode [RFC 4302] and for IP
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) in tunnel mode [RFC 4303]. The
IPsec architecture is defined in [RFC 4301]. Support for IP in IP
[RFC 2003] and MPLS-in-IP [RFC 4023] protected by IPsec Transport Mode
is also defined.
The Encapsulation Network Layer Reachability Information (NLRI)
Format is not modified by this document.
1.1. Conventions Used in This Document
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC 2119].
Berger, et al. Standards Track PAGE 2
RFC 5566 BGP IPsec Tunnel Encapsulation June 2009
2. Tunnel Encapsulation Types
Per [RFC 5512], tunnel type is indicated in the Tunnel Encapsulation
attribute. This document defines the following tunnel type values:
- Transmit tunnel endpoint: Tunnel Type = 3
- IPsec in Tunnel-mode: Tunnel Type = 4 [RFC 4302], [RFC 4303]
- IP in IP Tunnel with IPsec Transport Mode: Tunnel Type = 5
[RFC 2003], [RFC 4303]
- MPLS-in-IP Tunnel with IPsec Transport Mode: Tunnel Type = 6
[RFC 4023]
Note, see Section 4.3 of [RFC 5512] for a discussion on the
advertisement and use of multiple tunnel types.
Note, the specification in [RFC 4023] for MPLS-in-IP tunnels with
IPsec Transport mode applies as well to IP in IP tunnels.
This document does not specify the use of the sub-TLV types defined
in [RFC 5512] with these tunnel types. See below for the definition
of a specific sub-TLV for use with the defined tunnel types.
3. Use of IPsec Tunnel Types
The IPsec tunnel types are defined above with the values 4, 5, and 6.
If R1 is a BGP speaker that receives an Encapsulation SAFI update
from another BGP speaker, R2, then if R1 has any data packets for
which R2 is the BGP next hop, R1 MUST initiate an IPsec SA (security
association) of the specified "tunnel type", and all such data
packets MUST be sent through that SA.
Let R1 and R2 be two BGP speakers that may send data packets through
R3, such that the data packets from R1 and from R2 may be received by
R3 over the same interface. In this case, when R3 sends an
Encapsulation SAFI that indicates an IPsec tunnel type to R2, then R3
SHOULD also send an update specifying an Encapsulation SAFI with an
IPsec tunnel type to R1. That is, on a given interface, if IPsec is
required for any data packets, it SHOULD be required for all. This
eliminates dependence on the IPsec selector mechanisms to correctly
distinguish traffic that needs to be protected from traffic that does
not.
Security policy has the granularity of BGP speaker to BGP speaker.
The required security policies must be configured into the BGP
speakers. Policies for each SA will typically be established using
Berger, et al. Standards Track PAGE 3
RFC 5566 BGP IPsec Tunnel Encapsulation June 2009
IKEv2 (Internet Key Exchange) [RFC 4306], with either public-key or
pre-shared key authentication. The SA MAY also be configured via
manual techniques. Manual configuration specification and
considerations are defined in [RFC 4301], [RFC 4302], and [RFC 4303]
(and includes keys, Security Parameter Index (SPI) numbers, IPsec
protocol, integrity/encryption algorithms, and sequence number mode).
4. IPsec Tunnel Authenticator sub-TLV
This document defines a new sub-TLV for use with the Tunnel
Encapsulation attribute defined in [RFC 5512]. The new sub-TLV is
referred to as the "IPsec Tunnel Authenticator sub-TLV", and one or
more of the sub-TLVs MAY be included in any Encapsulation SAFI NLRI
[RFC 5512] indicating a tunnel type defined in this document. Support
for the IPsec Tunnel Authenticator sub-TLV MUST be implemented
whenever the tunnel types defined in this document are implemented.
However, its use is OPTIONAL, and is a matter of policy.
The sub-TLV type of the IPsec Tunnel Authenticator sub-TLV is 3. The
sub-TLV length is variable. The structure of the sub-TLV is as
follows:
- Authenticator Type: two octets
This document defines authenticator type 1, "SHA-1 hash of public
key", as defined in Section 3.7 of RFC 4306.
- Value: (variable)
A value used to authenticate the BGP speaker that generated this
NLRI. The length of this field is not encoded explicitly, but
can be calculated as (sub-TLV length - 2).
In the case of authenticator type 1, this field contains the
20-octet value of the hash.
A BGP speaker that sends the IPsec Tunnel Authenticator sub-TLV with
authenticator type 1 MUST be configured with a private key / public
key pair, the public key being the key whose hash is sent in the
value field of the sub-TLV. The BGP speaker MUST either (a) be able
to generate a self-signed certificate for the public key, or else (b)
be configured with a certificate for the public key.
When the IPsec Tunnel Authenticator sub-TLV is used, it is highly
RECOMMENDED that the integrity of the BGP session itself be
protected. This is usually done by using the TCP MD5 option
[RFC 2385].
Berger, et al. Standards Track PAGE 4
RFC 5566 BGP IPsec Tunnel Encapsulation June 2009
4.1. Use of the IPsec Tunnel Authenticator sub-TLV
If an IPsec Tunnel Authenticator sub-TLV with authenticator type 1 is
present in the Encapsulation SAFI update, then R1 (as defined above
in Section 3) MUST use IKEv2 [RFC 4306] to obtain a certificate from
R2 (as defined above in Section 3), and R2 MUST send a certificate
for the public key whose hash occurred in the value field of the
IPsec Tunnel Authenticator sub-TLV. R1 MUST NOT attempt to establish
an SA to R2 UNLESS the public key in the certificate hashes to the
same value that occurs in one of the IPsec Tunnel Authenticator sub-
TLVs.
R2 MUST also perform the reciprocal processing. Specifically, when
establishing an SA from R1 and R1 has advertised the IPsec Tunnel
Authenticator sub-TLV with authenticator type 1, R2 MUST use IKEv2
[RFC 4306] to obtain a certificate from R1, and R1 MUST send a
certificate for the public key whose hash occurred in the value field
of the IPsec Tunnel Authenticator sub-TLV. R2 MUST NOT attempt to
establish an SA to R1 UNLESS the public key in the certificate hashes
to the same value that occurs in one of the IPsec Tunnel
Authenticator sub-TLVs.
Note that the "Transmit tunnel endpoint" tunnel type (value = 3) may
be used by a BGP speaker that does not want to be the receiving
endpoint of an IPsec tunnel but only the transmitting endpoint.
5. Security Considerations
This document uses IP-based tunnel technologies to support data plane
transport. Consequently, the security considerations of those tunnel
technologies apply. This document defines support for IPsec AH
[RFC 4302] and ESP [RFC 4303]. The security considerations from those
documents as well as [RFC 4301] apply to the data plane aspects of
this document.
As with [RFC 5512], any modification of the information that is used
to form encapsulation headers, to choose a tunnel type, or to choose
a particular tunnel for a particular payload type may lead to user
data packets getting misrouted, misdelivered, and/or dropped.
Misdelivery is less of an issue when IPsec is used, as such
misdelivery is likely to result in a failure of authentication or
decryption at the receiver. Furthermore, in environments where
authentication of BGP speakers is desired, the IPsec Tunnel
Authenticator sub-TLV defined in Section 4 may be used.
Berger, et al. Standards Track PAGE 5
RFC 5566 BGP IPsec Tunnel Encapsulation June 2009
More broadly, the security considerations for the transport of IP
reachability information using BGP are discussed in [RFC 4271] and
[RFC 4272], and are equally applicable for the extensions described in
this document.
If the integrity of the BGP session is not itself protected, then an
imposter could mount a denial-of-service attack by establishing
numerous BGP sessions and forcing an IPsec SA to be created for each
one. However, as such an imposter could wreak havoc on the entire
routing system, this particular sort of attack is probably not of any
special importance.
It should be noted that a BGP session may itself be transported over
an IPsec tunnel. Such IPsec tunnels can provide additional security
to a BGP session. The management of such IPsec tunnels is outside
the scope of this document.
6. IANA Considerations
IANA administers the assignment of new namespaces and new values for
namespaces defined in this document and reviewed in this section.
IANA has made the following assignments in the "BGP Tunnel
Encapsulation Attribute Tunnel Types" registry.
Value Name Reference
----- ---- ---------
3 Transmit tunnel endpoint [RFC 5566]
4 IPsec in Tunnel-mode [RFC 5566]
5 IP in IP tunnel
with IPsec Transport Mode [RFC 5566]
6 MPLS-in-IP tunnel
with IPsec Transport Mode [RFC 5566]
IANA has made the following assignment in the "BGP Tunnel
Encapsulation Attribute Sub-TLVs" registry.
Value Name Reference
----- ---- ---------
3 IPsec Tunnel Authenticator [RFC 5566]
Berger, et al. Standards Track PAGE 6
RFC 5566 BGP IPsec Tunnel Encapsulation June 2009
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[RFC 2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC 4271] Rekhter, Y., Ed., Li, T., Ed., and S. Hares, Ed., "A
Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, January
2006.
[RFC 4301] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, December 2005.
[RFC 4302] Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302, December
2005.
[RFC 4303] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC
4303, December 2005.
[RFC 4306] Kaufman, C., Ed., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2)
Protocol", RFC 4306, December 2005.
[RFC 5512] Mohapatra, P. and E. Rosen, "The BGP Encapsulation
Subsequent Address Family Identifier (SAFI) and the BGP
Tunnel Encapsulation Attribute", RFC 5512, April 2009.
7.2. Informative References
[RFC 2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003,
October 1996.
[RFC 2385] Heffernan, A., "Protection of BGP Sessions via the TCP
MD5 Signature Option", RFC 2385, August 1998.
[RFC 2784] Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
March 2000.
[RFC 3931] Lau, J., Ed., Townsley, M., Ed., and I. Goyret, Ed.,
"Layer Two Tunneling Protocol - Version 3 (L2TPv3)", RFC
3931, March 2005.
[RFC 4023] Worster, T., Rekhter, Y., and E. Rosen, Ed.,
"Encapsulating MPLS in IP or Generic Routing
Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 4023, March 2005.
Berger, et al. Standards Track PAGE 7
RFC 5566 BGP IPsec Tunnel Encapsulation June 2009
[RFC 4272] Murphy, S., "BGP Security Vulnerabilities Analysis", RFC
4272, January 2006.
[RFC 4364] Rosen, E. and Y. Rekhter, "BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private
Networks (VPNs)", RFC 4364, February 2006.
[RFC 4659] De Clercq, J., Ooms, D., Carugi, M., and F. Le Faucheur,
"BGP-MPLS IP Virtual Private Network (VPN) Extension for
IPv6 VPN", RFC 4659, September 2006.
[RFC 4798] De Clercq, J., Ooms, D., Prevost, S., and F. Le Faucheur,
"Connecting IPv6 Islands over IPv4 MPLS Using IPv6
Provider Edge Routers (6PE)", RFC 4798, February 2007.
[RFC 5549] Le Faucheur, F. and E. Rosen, "Advertising IPv4 Network
Layer Reachability Information with an IPv6 Next Hop",
RFC 5549, May 2009.
[RFC 5565] Wu, J., Cui, Y., Metz, C. and E. Rosen, "Softwire Mesh
Framework", RFC 5565, June 2009.
8. Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Sam Hartman and Tero Kivinen for their help
with the security-related issues.
Authors' Addresses
Lou Berger
LabN Consulting, L.L.C.
Phone: +1-301-468-9228
EMail: lberger@labn.net
Russ White
Cisco Systems
EMail: riw@cisco.com
Eric C. Rosen
Cisco Systems, Inc.
1414 Massachusetts Avenue
Boxborough, MA, 01719
EMail: erosen@cisco.com
Berger, et al. Standards Track PAGE 8
BGP IPsec Tunnel Encapsulation Attribute
RFC TOTAL SIZE: 17416 bytes
PUBLICATION DATE: Wednesday, June 10th, 2009
LEGAL RIGHTS: The IETF Trust (see BCP 78)
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