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IETF RFC 4916
Connected Identity in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
Last modified on Friday, June 15th, 2007
 Permanent link to RFC 4916
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Network Working Group J. Elwell
Request for Comments: 4916 Siemens Enterprise Communications Limited
Updates: 3261 June 2007
Category: Standards Track
Connected Identity in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
 Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright © The IETF Trust (2007).
Abstract
This document provides a means for a Session Initiation Protocol
(SIP) User Agent (UA) that receives a dialog-forming request to
supply its identity to the peer UA by means of a request in the
reverse direction, and for that identity to be signed by an
Authentication Service. Because of retargeting of a dialog-forming
request (changing the value of the Request-URI), the UA that receives
it (the User Agent Server, UAS) can have a different identity from
that in the To header field. The same mechanism can be used to
indicate a change of identity during a dialog, e.g., because of some
action in the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) behind a
gateway. This document normatively updates RFC 3261 (SIP).
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Overview of Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1. Behaviour of a UA that Issues an INVITE Request
Outside the Context of an Existing Dialog . . . . . . . . 6
4.2. Behaviour of a UA that Receives an INVITE Request
outside the Context of an Existing Dialog . . . . . . . . 6
4.3. Behaviour of a UA Whose Identity Changes during an
Established INVITE-initiated Dialog . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4. General UA Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4.1. Sending a Mid-Dialog Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.4.2. Receiving a Mid-Dialog Request . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.5. Authentication Service Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.6. Verifier Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.7. Proxy Behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.1. Sending Connected Identity after Answering a Call . . . . 10
5.2. Sending Revised Connected Identity during a Call . . . . . 16
6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
7. Security considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
8. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
9. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
9.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
1. Introduction
The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (RFC 3261 [1]) initiates
sessions but also provides information on the identities of the
parties at both ends of a session. Users need this information to
help determine how to deal with communications initiated by a SIP.
The identity of the party who answers a call can differ from that of
the initial called party for various reasons such as call forwarding,
call distribution and call pick-up. Furthermore, once a call has
been answered, a party can be replaced by a different party with a
different identity for reasons such as call transfer, call park and
retrieval, etc. Although in some cases there can be reasons for not
disclosing these identities, it is desirable to have a mechanism for
providing this information.
This document extends the use of the From header field to allow it to
convey what is commonly called "connected identity" information (the
identity of the connected user) in either direction within the
context of an existing INVITE-initiated dialog. It can be used to
convey:
o the callee identity to a caller when a call is answered;
o the identity of a potential callee prior to answer; or
o the identity of a user that replaces the caller or callee
following a call rearrangement such as call transfer carried out
within the PSTN or within a back-to-back user agent (B2BUA) using
third party call control techniques.
Note that the use of standard SIP call transfer techniques,
involving the REFER method, leads to the establishment of a new
dialog and hence normal mechanisms for caller and callee identity
apply.
The provision of the identity of the responder in a response
(commonly called "response identity") is outside the scope of this
document.
Note that even if identity were to be conveyed somehow in a
response, there would in general be difficulty authenticating the
UAS. Providing identity in a separate request allows normal
authentication techniques to be used.
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
2. Terminology
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [2].
This specification defines the following additional terms:
caller: the user of the UA that issues an INVITE request to initiate
a call.
caller identity: the identity (Address of Record) of a caller.
callee: the user of the UA that answers a call by issuing a 2xx
response to an INVITE request.
callee identity: the identity (Address of Record) of a callee.
potential callee: the user of any UA to which an INVITE request is
targeted resulting in formation of an early dialog, but because
of parallel or serial forking of the request, not necessarily
the user that answers the call.
connected user: any user involved in an established call, including
the caller, the callee or any user that replaces the caller or
callee following a call re-arrangement such as call transfer.
connected identity: the identity (Address of Record) of a connected
user.
3. Overview of Solution
A mid-dialog request is used to provide connected identity. The User
Agent Client (UAC) for that request inserts its identity in the From
header field of the request. To provide authentication, the Identity
header field (RFC 4474 [3]) is inserted by a suitable Authentication
Service on the path of the mid-dialog request. Unless provided at
the UAC, the Authentication Service is expected to be at a proxy that
record routes and is able to authenticate the UAC.
A request in the opposite direction to the INVITE request prior to or
at the time the call is answered can indicate the identity of the
potential callee or callee respectively. A request in the same
direction as the INVITE request prior to answer can indicate a change
of caller. A request in either direction after answering can
indicate a change of the connected user. In all cases, a dialog
(early or confirmed) has to be established before such a request can
be sent.
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
This solution uses the UPDATE method (RFC 3311 [4]) for the request,
or in some circumstances the re-INVITE method. To send the callee
identity, the UAS for the INVITE request sends the UPDATE request
after sending the 2xx response to the INVITE request and after
receiving an ACK request. To send the potential callee identity, RFC
3262 [5] is expected to be supported. In this case, the UAS for the
INVITE request sends the UPDATE request after receiving and
responding to a PRACK request (which occurs after sending a reliable
1xx response to the INVITE request). The UPDATE request could
conceivably be used for other purposes too, e.g., it could be used
during an early dialog to send the potential callee identity at the
same time as a Session Description Protocol (SDP) offer for early
media. To indicate a connected identity change during an established
call, either the UPDATE method or the re-INVITE method can be used.
The re-INVITE method would be used if required for other purposes
(e.g., when a B2BUA performs transfer using Third Party Call Control
(3PCC) techniques it has to issue a re-INVITE request without an SDP
offer to solicit an SDP offer from the UA).
This solution involves changing the URI (not the tags) in the To and
From header fields of mid-dialog requests and their responses,
compared with the corresponding values in the dialog forming request
and response. Changing the To and From header field URIs was
contemplated in Section 12.2.1.1 of RFC 3261 [1], which says:
"Usage of the URI from the To and From fields in the original
request within subsequent requests is done for backwards
compatibility with RFC 2543 [6], which used the URI for dialog
identification. In this specification, only the tags are used for
dialog identification. It is expected that mandatory reflection
of the original To and From URI in mid-dialog requests will be
deprecated in a subsequent revision of this specification."
This document therefore deprecates mandatory reflection of the
original To and From URIs in mid-dialog requests and their responses,
which constitutes a change to RFC 3261 [1]. This document makes no
provision for proxies that are unable to tolerate a change of URI,
since changing the URI has been expected for a considerable time. To
cater for any UAs that are not able to tolerate a change of URI, a
new option tag "from-change" is introduced for providing a positive
indication of support in the Supported header field. By sending a
request with a changed From header field URI only to targets that
have indicated support for this option, there is no need to send this
option tag in a Require header field.
In addition to allowing the From header field URI to change during a
dialog to reflect the connected identity, this document also requires
a UA that has received a connected identity in the URI of the From
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
header field of a mid-dialog request to use that URI in the To header
field of any subsequent mid-dialog request sent by that UA.
In the absence of a suitable Authentication Service on the path of
the mid-dialog request, the UAS will receive an unauthenticated
connected identity (i.e., without a corresponding Identity header
field). The implications of this are discussed in Section 7
4. Behaviour
4.1. Behaviour of a UA that Issues an INVITE Request Outside the
Context of an Existing Dialog
When issuing an INVITE request, a UA compliant with this
specification MUST include the "from-change" option tag in the
Supported header field.
Note that sending the "from-change" option tag does not guarantee
that connected identity will be received in subsequent requests.
4.2. Behaviour of a UA that Receives an INVITE Request outside the
Context of an Existing Dialog
After receiving an INVITE request, a UA compliant with this
specification MUST include the "from-change" option tag in the
Supported header field of any dialog-forming response.
Note that sending the "from-change" option tag does not guarantee
that connected identity will be received in the event of a change
of caller.
After an early dialog has been formed, if the "from-change" option
tag has been received in a Supported header field, the UA MAY issue
an UPDATE request (RFC 3311 [4]) on the same dialog, subject to
having sent a reliable provisional response to the INVITE request and
having received and responded to a PRACK request. After a full
dialog has been formed (after sending a 2xx final response to the
INVITE request), if the "from-change" option tag has been received in
a Supported header field and an UPDATE request has not already been
sent on the early dialog, the UA MUST issue an UPDATE request on the
same dialog. In either case, the UPDATE request MUST contain the
callee's (or potential callee's) identity in the URI of the From
header field (or an anonymous identity if anonymity is required).
Note that even if the URI does not differ from that in the To
header field URI of the INVITE request, sending a new request
allows the Authentication Service to assert authentication of this
identity and confirms to the peer UA that the connected identity
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
is the same as that in the To header field URI of the INVITE
request.
4.3. Behaviour of a UA Whose Identity Changes during an Established
INVITE-initiated Dialog
If the "from-change" option tag has been received in a Supported
header field during an INVITE-initiated dialog and if the identity
associated with the UA changes (e.g., due to transfer) compared to
the last identity indicated in the From header field of a request
sent by that UA, the UA MUST issue a request on the same dialog
containing the new identity in the URI of the From header field (or
an anonymous identity if anonymity is required). For this purpose
the UA MUST use the UPDATE method unless for other reasons the re-
INVITE method is being used at the same time.
4.4. General UA Behaviour
4.4.1. Sending a Mid-Dialog Request
When sending a mid-dialog request, a UA MUST observe the requirements
of RFC 4474 [3] when populating the From header field URI, including
provisions for achieving anonymity.
This will allow an Authentication Service on the path of the mid-
dialog request to insert an Identity header field.
When sending a mid-dialog request, a UA MUST populate the To header
field URI with the current value of the remote URI for that dialog,
where this is subject to update in accordance with the rules of
Section 4.4.2 of this document rather than being fixed at the
beginning of the dialog in accordance with RFC 3261 [1].
After sending a request with a revised From header field URI (i.e.,
revised compared to the URI sent in the From header field of the
previous request on this dialog or in the To header field of the
received dialog-forming INVITE request if no request has been sent),
the UA MUST send the same URI in the From header field of any future
requests on the same dialog, unless the identity changes again.
Also, the UA MUST be prepared to receive the revised URI in the To
header field of subsequent mid-dialog requests and MUST also continue
to be prepared to receive the old URI at least until a request
containing the revised URI in the To header field has been received.
The mid-dialog request can be rejected in accordance with RFC 4474
[3] if the UAS does not accept the connected identity. If the UAC
receives a 428, 436, 437, or 438 response to a mid-dialog request it
SHOULD regard the dialog as terminated in the case of a dialog-
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
terminating request and SHOULD take no action in the case of any
other request.
Any attempt to repeat the request or send any other mid-dialog
request is likely to result in the same response, since the UA has
no control over actions of the Authentication Service.
4.4.2. Receiving a Mid-Dialog Request
If a UA receives a mid-dialog request from the peer UA, the UA can
make use of the identity in the From header field URI (e.g., by
indicating to the user). The UA MAY discriminate between signed and
unsigned identities. In the case of a signed identity, the UA SHOULD
invoke a Verifier (see Section 4.6) if it cannot rely on the presence
of a Verifier on the path of the request.
If a UA receives a mid-dialog request from the peer UA in which the
From header field URI differs from that received in the previous
request on that dialog or that sent in the To header field of the
original INVITE request and if the UA sends a 2xx response, the UA
MUST update the remote URI for this dialog, as defined in RFC 3261
[1]. This will cause the new value to be used in the To header field
of subsequent requests that the UA sends, in accordance with the
rules of Section 4.4.1. If any other final response is sent the UA
MUST NOT update the remote URI for this dialog.
4.5. Authentication Service Behaviour
An Authentication Service MUST behave in accordance with RFC 4474 [3]
when dealing with mid-dialog requests.
Note that RFC 4474 is silent on how to behave if the identity in
the From header field is not one that the UAC is allowed to
assert, and therefore it is a matter for local policy whether to
reject the request or forward it without an Identity header field.
Policy can be different for a mid-dialog request compared with
other requests.
Note that when UAs conform with this specification the
Authentication Service should (subject to the normal rules for
authentication) be able to authenticate the sender of a request as
being the entity identified in the From header field and hence
will be able provide a signature for this identity. This is in
contrast to UAs that do not support this specification, where
retargeting and mid-dialog identity changes can render the From
header field inaccurate as a means of identifying the sender of
the request.
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
4.6. Verifier Behaviour
When dealing with mid-dialog requests, an Authentication Service MUST
behave in accordance with RFC 4474 [3] updated as stated below.
RFC 4474 [3] states that it is a matter of policy whether to reject a
request with a 428 (Use Identity Header) response if there is no
Identity header field in the request. A UA MAY adopt a different
policy for mid-dialog requests compared with other requests.
4.7. Proxy Behaviour
A proxy that receives a mid-dialog request MUST be prepared for the
To header field URI and/or the From header field URI to differ from
those that appeared in the dialog-forming request and response.
A proxy that is able to provide an Authentication Service for mid-
dialog requests MUST record route if Supported: from-change is
indicated in the dialog forming request received by the proxy from
the UAC.
5. Examples
In the examples below, several messages contain unfolded lines longer
than 72 characters. These are captured between tags. The single
unfolded line is reconstructed by directly concatenating all lines
appearing between the tags (discarding any line-feeds or carriage
returns).
In the examples, the domain example.com is assumed to have the
following private key (rendered in PEM format). The private key is
used by the Authentication Service for generating the signature in
the Identity header field.
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----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-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
5.1. Sending Connected Identity after Answering a Call
In this example, Carol's UA has been reached by retargeting at the
proxy and thus her identity (AoR) is not equal to that in the To
header field of the received INVITE request (Bob). Carol's UA
conveys Carol's identity in the From header field of an UPDATE
request. The proxy also provides an Authentication Service and
therefore adds Identity and Identity-Info header fields to the UPDATE
request.
Alice's UA PROXY + Carol's UA
Authentication
Service
INVITE(1) INVITE(2)
----------------> ---------------->
200(4) 200(3)
<---------------- <----------------
ACK(5) ACK(6)
----------------> ---------------->
UPDATE(8) UPDATE(7)
<---------------- <----------------
200(9) 200(10)
----------------> ---------------->
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
INVITE (1):
INVITE sip:Bob@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8
To: Bob <sip:bob@example.com>
From: Alice <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Max-Forwards: 70
Date: Thu, 21 Feb 2002 13:02:03 GMT
Allow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, UPDATE
Supported: from-change
Contact: <sip:alice@ua1.example.com>
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 154
v=0
o=UserA 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 ua1.example.com
s=Session SDP
c=IN IP4 ua1.example.com
t=0 0
m=audio 49172 RTP/AVP 0
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
INVITE (2):
INVITE sip:Carol@ua2.example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS proxy.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK776asdhds
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8;received=192.0.2.
1
</allOneLine>
To: Bob <sip:bob@example.com>
From: Alice <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Max-Forwards: 69
Date: Thu, 21 Feb 2002 13:02:03 GMT
Allow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, UPDATE
Supported: from-change
Contact: <sip:alice@ua1.example.com>
Record-Route: <sip:proxy.example.com;lr>
<allOneLine>
Identity: "xN6gCHR6KxGM+nyiEM13LcWgAFQD3lkni1DPkwgadxh4BB7G+VwY1
3uRv5hbCI2VSvKuZ4LYN0JNoe7v8VAzruKMyi4Bi4nUghR/fFGBrpBSjztmfffLT
p6SFLxo9XQSVrkm1O4c/4UrKn2ejRz+5BULu9n9kWswzKDNjlYlmmc="
</allOneLine>
Identity-Info: <https://example.com/example.cer>;alg=rsa-sha1
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 154
v=0
o=UserA 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 ua1.example.com
s=Session SDP
c=IN IP4 ua1.example.com
t=0 0
m=audio 49172 RTP/AVP 0
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
200 (3):
SIP/2.0 200 OK
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS proxy.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK776asdhds;received=192.
0.2.2
</allOneLine>
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8;received=192.0.2.
1
<allOneLine>
To: Bob <sip:bob@example.com>;tag=2ge46ab5
From: Alice <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Allow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, UPDATE
Supported: from-change
Contact: <sip:carol@ua2.example.com>
Record-Route: <sip:proxy.example.com;lr>
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 154
v=0
o=UserB 2890844536 2890844536 IN IP4 ua2.example.com
s=Session SDP
c=IN IP4 ua2.example.com
t=0 0
m=audio 49172 RTP/AVP 0
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
200 (4):
SIP/2.0 200 OK
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8;received=192.0.2.
1
</allOneLine>
To: Bob <sip:bob@example.com>;tag=2ge46ab5
From: Alice <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Allow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, UPDATE
Supported: from-change
Contact: <sip:carol@ua2.example.com>
Record-Route: <sip:proxy.example.com;lr>
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 154
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
v=0
o=UserB 2890844536 2890844536 IN IP4 ua2.example.com
s=Session SDP
c=IN IP4 ua2.example.com
t=0 0
m=audio 49172 RTP/AVP 0
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
ACK (5):
ACK sip:carol@ua2.example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds9
From: Alice <sip:Alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
To: Bob <sip:Bob@example.com>;tag=2ge46ab5
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 1 ACK
Max-Forwards: 70
Route: <sip:proxy.example.com;lr>
Content-Length: 0
ACK (6):
ACK sip:carol@ua2.example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS proxy.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK776asdhdt
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds9;received=192.0.2.
1
</allOneLine>
From: Alice <sip:Alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
To: Bob <sip:Bob@example.com>;tag=2ge46ab5
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 1 ACK
Max-Forwards: 69
Content-Length: 0
UPDATE (7):
UPDATE sip:Alice@ua1.example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashdt1
From: Carol <sip:Carol@example.com>;tag=2ge46ab5
To: Alice <sip:Alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 2 UPDATE
Max-Forwards: 70
Date: Thu, 21 Feb 2002 13:02:15 GMT
Route: <sip:proxy.example.com;lr>
Contact: <sip:Carol@ua2.example.com>
Content-Length: 0
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
Note that the URI in the From header field differs from that in
the To header field in the INVITE request/response. However, the
tag is the same as that in the INVITE response.
UPDATE (8):
UPDATE sip:Alice@ua1.example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS proxy.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK776asdhdu
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashdt1;received=192.0.2.
3
</allOneLine>
From: Carol <sip:Carol@example.com>;tag=2ge46ab5
To: Alice <sip:Alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 2 UPDATE
Max-Forwards: 69
Date: Thu, 21 Feb 2002 13:02:15 GMT
Contact: <sip:Carol@ua2.example.com>
<allOneLine>
Identity: "g8WJiVEzrbYum+z2lnS3pL+MIhuI439gDiMCHm01fwX5D8Ft5Ib9t
ewLfBT9mDOUSn6wkPSWVQfqdMF/QBPkpsIIROIi2sJOYBEMXZpNrhJd8/uboXMl9
KRujDFQefZlmXV8dwD6XsPnMgcH8jAcaZ5aS04NyfWadIwTnGeuxko="
</allOneLine>
Identity-Info: <https://example.com/cert>;alg=rsa-sha1
Content-Length: 0
200 (9):
SIP/2.0 200 OK
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS proxy.example.com;branch=z9hG4bK776asdhdu;received=192.
0.2.2
</allOneLine>
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashdt1;received=192.0.2.
3
</allOneLine>
From: Carol <sip:Carol@example.com>;tag=2ge46ab5
To: Alice <sip:Alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 2 UPDATE
Contact: <sip:Alice@ua1.example.com>
Content-Length: 0
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
200 (10):
SIP/2.0 200 OK
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua2.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashdt1;received=192.0.2.
3
</allOneLine>
From: Carol <sip:Carol@example.com>;tag=2ge46ab5
To: Alice <sip:Alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 2 UPDATE
Contact: <sip:Alice@ua1.example.com>
Content-Length: 0
5.2. Sending Revised Connected Identity during a Call
In this example, a call is established between Alice and Bob, where
Bob (not shown) lies behind a B2BUA. Bob's identity is conveyed by
an UPDATE request. Then the B2BUA executes call transfer using third
party call control (3PCC) techniques as described in RFC 3725 [7]
(e.g., under the control of a click-to-dial application). As a
result, Alice becomes connected to Carol (also not shown), and a re-
INVITE request is issued allowing the session to be renegotiated.
The B2BUA provides the Authentication Service and thus generates the
Identity header field in the re-INVITE request to provide
authentication of Carol's identity.
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
Alice's UA B2BUA
INVITE(1)
---------------->
200(2)
<----------------
ACK(3)
---------------->
UPDATE(4)
<----------------
200(5)
---------------->
re-INVITE(6)
<----------------
200(7)
---------------->
ACK(8)
<---------------
INVITE (1):
INVITE sip:Bob@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8
To: Bob <sip:bob@example.com>
From: Alice <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Max-Forwards: 70
Date: Thu, 21 Feb 2002 13:02:03 GMT
Allow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, UPDATE
Supported: from-change
Contact: <sip:alice@ua1.example.com>
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 154
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
v=0
o=UserA 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 ua1.example.com
s=Session SDP
c=IN IP4 ua1.example.com
t=0 0
m=audio 49172 RTP/AVP 0
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
200 (2)
SIP/2.0 200 OK
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds8;received=192.0.2.
1
</allOneLine>
To: Bob <sip:bob@example.com>;tag=2ge46ab5
From: Alice <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Allow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, OPTIONS, BYE, UPDATE
Supported: from-change
Contact: <sip:xyz@b2bua.example.com>
Content-Type: application/sdp
Content-Length: 154
v=0
o=UserB 2890844536 2890844536 IN IP4 ua2.example.com
s=Session SDP
c=IN IP4 ua2.example.com
t=0 0
m=audio 49172 RTP/AVP 0
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
ACK (3)
ACK sip:xyz@b2bua.example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS ua1.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashds9
From: Alice <sip:Alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
To: Bob <sip:Bob@example.com>;tag=2ge46ab5
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 1 ACK
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Length: 0
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
UPDATE (4)
UPDATE sip:alice@ua1.example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS b2bua.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashdt1
From: Bob <sip:Bob@example.com>;tag=2ge46ab5
To: Alice <sip:Alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 2 UPDATE
Max-Forwards: 70
Date: Thu, 21 Feb 2002 13:02:12 GMT
Contact: <sip:xyz@b2bua.example.com>
<allOneLine>
Identity: "AQFLSjCDRhO2eXlWmTajk99612hkJii9giDMWki5uT6qc4BrekywO
UuObcwZI3qhJReZCN7ybMBNYFZ5yFXWdyet4j3zLNCONU9ma+rs8ZOv0+z/Q3Z5c
D26HrmitU+OCKWPLObaxbkGQry9hQxOmwRmlUgSjkeCEjgnc1iQc3E="
</allOneLine>
Identity-Info: <https://example.com/cert>;alg=rsa-sha1
Content-Length: 0
200 (5)
SIP/2.0 200 OK
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS b2bua.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashdt1;received=192.0.
2.2
</allOneLine>
From: Bob <sip:Bob@example.com>;tag=2ge46ab5
To: Alice <sip:Alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 2 UPDATE
Contact: <sip:Alice@ua1.example.com>
Content-Length: 0
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
re-INVITE (6)
INVITE sip:alice@ua1.example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS b2bua.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashdxy
From: Carol <sip:Carol@example.com>;tag=2ge46ab5
To: Alice <sip:Alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 3 INVITE
Max-Forwards: 70
Date: Thu, 21 Feb 2002 13:03:20 GMT
Contact: <sip:xyz@b2bua.example.com>
<allOneLine>
Identity: "KCd3YLQHj51SlCQhFMnpQjmP6wHh7JGRO8LsB4v5SGEr/Mwu7j6Gp
al8ckVM2vd1zqH/F4WJXYDlB525uuJm/fN3O1A2xsZ9BxRkh4N4U19TL9I2Tok3U
3kGg8To/6w1mEXpUQjo3OgNYqOBtawHuZI5nrOVaV3IrbQh1b2KgLo="
</allOneLine>
Identity-Info: <https://example.com/cert>;alg=rsa-sha1
Content-Length: 0
200 (7)
SIP/2.0 200 OK
<allOneLine>
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS b2bua.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashdxy;received=192.0.
2.2
</allOneLine>
From: Carol <sip:Carol@example.com>;tag=2ge46ab5
To: Alice <sip:Alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 3 INVITE
Contact: <sip:Alice@ua1.example.com>
Content-Length: 154
v=0
o=UserA 2890844526 2890844526 IN IP4 ua1.example.com
s=Session SDP
c=IN IP4 ua1.example.com
t=0 0
m=audio 49172 RTP/AVP 0
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
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RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
ACK (8)
ACK sip:alice@ua1.example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TLS b2bua.example.com;branch=z9hG4bKnashdxz
From: Carol <sip:Carol@example.com>;tag=2ge46ab5
To: Alice <sip:Alice@example.com>;tag=13adc987
Call-ID: 12345600@ua1.example.com
CSeq: 3 ACK
Max-Forwards: 70
Content-Length: 154
v=0
o=UserC 2890844546 2890844546 IN IP4 ua3.example.com
s=Session SDP
c=IN IP4 ua3.example.com
t=0 0
m=audio 49172 RTP/AVP 0
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
6. IANA Considerations
This specification registers a new SIP option tag, as per the
guidelines in Section 27.1 of RFC 3261 [1].
This document defines the SIP option tag "from-change".
The following row has been added to the "Option Tags" section of the
SIP Parameter Registry:
+------------+------------------------------------------+-----------+
| Name | Description | Reference |
+------------+------------------------------------------+-----------+
| from-change| This option tag is used to indicate that | [RFC 4916] |
| | a UA supports changes to URIs in From | |
| | and To header fields during a dialog. | |
+------------+------------------------------------------+-----------+
7. Security considerations
RFC 4474 [3] discusses security considerations relating to the
Identity header field in some detail. Those same considerations
apply when using the Identity header field to authenticate a
connected identity in the From header field URI of a mid-dialog
request.
A received From header field URI in a mid-dialog request for which no
valid Identity header field (or other means of authentication) has
been received either in this request or in an earlier request on this
Elwell Standards Track PAGE 21
RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
dialog cannot be trusted (except in very closed environments) and is
expected to be treated in a similar way to a From header field in a
dialog-initiating request that is not backed up by a valid Identity
header field. However, it is recommended not to reject a mid-dialog
request on the grounds that the Identity header field is missing
(since this would interfere with ongoing operation of the call). The
absence of a valid Identity header field can influence the
information given to the user. A UA can clear the call if policy or
user preference dictates.
A signed connected identity in a mid-dialog request (URI in the From
header field accompanied by a valid Identity header field) provides
information about the peer UA in a dialog. In the case of the UA
that was the UAS in the dialog-forming request, this identity is not
necessarily the same as that in the To header field of the dialog-
forming request. This is because of retargeting during the routing
of the dialog-forming request. A signed connected identity says
nothing about the legitimacy of such retargeting, but merely reflects
the result of that retargeting. History information (RFC 4244 [8])
can provide additional hints as to how the connected user has been
reached.
Likewise, when a signed connected identity indicates a change of
identity during a dialog, it conveys no information about the reason
for such a change of identity or its legitimacy.
Use of the sips URI scheme can minimize the chances of attacks in
which inappropriate connected identity information is sent, either at
call establishment time or during a call.
Anonymity can be required by the user of a connected UA. For
anonymity the UA is expected to populate the URI in the From header
field of a mid-dialog request in the way described in RFC 4474 [3].
8. Acknowledgments
Thanks to Francois Audet, Frank Derks, Steffen Fries, Vijay Gurbani,
Cullen Jennings, Paul Kyzivat, Hans Persson, Jon Peterson, Eric
Rescorla, Jonathan Rosenberg, Shida Schubert, Ya-Ching Tan, and Dan
Wing for providing valuable comments.
Elwell Standards Track PAGE 22
RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
9. References
9.1. Normative References
[1] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A.,
Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, "SIP:
Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.
[2] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[3] Peterson, J. and C. Jennings, "Enhancements for Authenticated
Identity Management in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)",
RFC 4474, August 2006.
[4] Rosenberg, J., "The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) UPDATE
Method", RFC 3311, September 2002.
[5] Rosenberg, J. and H. Schulzrinne, "Reliability of Provisional
Responses in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3262,
June 2002.
9.2. Informative References
[6] Handley, M., Schulzrinne, H., Schooler, E., and J. Rosenberg,
"SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 2543, March 1999.
[7] Rosenberg, J., Peterson, J., Schulzrinne, H., and G. Camarillo,
"Best Current Practices for Third Party Call Control (3pcc) in
the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 3725, June 2002.
[8] Barnes, M., "An Extension to the Session Initiation Protocol
(SIP) for Request History Information", RFC 4244, November 2005.
Author's Address
John Elwell
Siemens Enterprise Communications Limited
Technology Drive
Beeston, Nottingham NG9 1LA
UK
Phone: +44 115 943 4989
EMail: john.elwell@siemens.com
Elwell Standards Track PAGE 23
RFC 4916 SIP Connected ID June 2007
Full Copyright Statement
Copyright © The IETF Trust (2007).
This document is subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions
contained in BCP 78, and except as set forth therein, the authors
retain all their rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on an
"AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE REPRESENTS
OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY, THE IETF TRUST AND
THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF
THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Intellectual Property
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed to
pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
might or might not be available; nor does it represent that it has
made any independent effort to identify any such rights. Information
on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC documents can be
found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
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attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use of
such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this
specification can be obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
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The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
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rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
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Acknowledgement
Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
Internet Society.
Elwell Standards Track PAGE 24
Connected Identity in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
RFC TOTAL SIZE: 42924 bytes
PUBLICATION DATE: Friday, June 15th, 2007
LEGAL RIGHTS: The IETF Trust (see BCP 78)
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